1a Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) a subdivision of?

Answer 1

the Peripheral nervous system

Question 2

What non-skeletal peripheral functions does the ANS control?

Answer 2

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Internal Organs
Skin

Question 3

What sort of stimuli does the Somatic sensory neurone deal with?

Answer 3

external sensory stimuli from the periphery

Question 4

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 5

What does parasympathetic nervous system deal with?

Answer 5

Rest and digest

Question 6

What does the sympathetic nervous system deal with?

Answer 6

Fight and flight

Question 7

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the eye?

Answer 7

Sympathetic: pupil dilation
Parasympathetic: pupil constriction

Question 8

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the heart?

Answer 8

Para: decreases heart rate and strength of contractions
Symp: increase heart rate and strength of contractions

Question 9

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the Stomach?

Answer 9

Para: increase secretions and motility to increase rate of digestion
Symp: decrease secretions and motility

Question 10

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the lungs?

Answer 10

Symp: increase breathing rate by dilation
Para: decrease dilation

Question 11

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the liver?

Answer 11

sympathetic: increase glucose release
para: increase bile release

Question 12

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the bladder?

Answer 12

Sympathetic: relaxation
Para: Contraction

Question 13

Is the control of blood vessels and vasculature under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

Answer 13

Sympathetic

Question 14

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate?

Answer 14

Hypothalamus

Question 15

What do autonomic neurones consist of?

Answer 15

Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones

Question 16

In parasympathetic neurones, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

Answer 16

Longer

Question 17

In the sympathetic neurone, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

Answer 17

Shorter

Question 18

What is the exception to the two neurone arrangement in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 18

The adrenal gland - only has one sympathetic nerve

Question 19

Which synpase releases noradrenaline?

Answer 19

The sympathetic post-ganglionic fibres

Question 20

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 20

A hormone - adrenaline

Question 21

In parasympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve? and what receptor?

Answer 21

Pre-ganglionic: ACh using nicotinic
Post: ACh uring muscarinic

Question 22

In sympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve?

Answer 22

Pre: ACh using nicotinic receptors
Post: Noradrenaline using adrenergic receptors

Question 23

What are the three types of neurotransmitter receptors what what type are they?

Answer 23

Nicotinic receptors: ACh in pre-ganglionic fibres (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Muscarinic Receptors: ACh in post-ganglionic of parasympathetic

Adrenergic receptors: Noradrenaline in post-ganglionic of sympathetic

Question 24

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

Answer 24

Choline + Acetyl CoA is enzymatically converted using Choline Acetyl transferase

Question 25

what enzyme degrades Acetylcholine?

Answer 25

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 26

How is noradrenaline synthesized?

Answer 26

Tyrosine converted into DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase DOPA --> dopamine using DOPA decarboxylase Dopamine packed into vesicles with dopamine B hydroxylase = noreadrenaline

Question 27

How is adrenaline synthesized?

Answer 27

Tyrosine -> DOPA using tyrosine decarboxylase DOPA -> Dopamine using DOPA carboxylase Dopamine -> Noradrenaline using Dopamine B Hydroxylase Noradrenaline -> Adrenaline using phenyl-methyl transferase

Question 28

If there is a high blood pressure, how is this information relayed to the relevant visceral motors and which of the PNS and SNS are switched on?

Answer 28

Visceral sensory - baroreceptors detect increase in pressure Signal sent to the PNS to be sent to CNS Signal sent from CNS to PNS to visceral motors Parasympathetic nervous system switched on to reduce blood flow Sympathetic nervous system switched off to prevent further increase in blood flow

Question 29

what is the only form of control the lung has?

Answer 29

Parasympathetic

Question 30

How does the lungs dilate in accordance with the sympathetic response?

Answer 30

The release of adrenaline is needed to stimulate bronchodilation

Question 31

Describe how the micturination system prevents urination when the bladder is only half full?

Answer 31

Increasing bladder pressure, sympathetic triggered - Causes the Sphincter to contracts so no urine coming out

Question 32

Describe how the micturination system allows urination when the bladder is full

Answer 32

Very high pressure in the bladder leads to the sympathetic control being switched off, and parasympathetic on Sphincter relaxes allowing urine out and detrusor contracts

Question 33

Which of the sphincter and detrusor is under sympathetic control?

Answer 33

Sphincter

Question 34

What affect does the smell of food have?

Answer 34

Triggers the parasympathetic system, so the GI tract increases secretion to under go digestion

Question 35

What is the name of the complex neural network within the gut?

Answer 35

Enteric system

Question 36

Which receptors mediate FAST excitatory and inhibitory transmission

Answer 36

Ion channel receptors

Question 37

Where are the muscarinic G-coupled protein receptors found?

Answer 37

Post ganglionic parasympathetic neurones

Question 38

Where are the adrenergic G-coupled protein receptors found?

Answer 38

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 39

In the heart, what are the muscarinic and adrenergic receptors responsible for respectively?

Answer 39

Muscarinic = decrease rate of contractions Adrenergic = increase rate of contractions

Question 40

What happens if you block ACh-esterase?

Answer 40

ACh accumulates in synaptic cleft and there is a much more powerful ACh effect

Question 41

Describe the action of Adrenaline in the nerve innervating the Adrenal gland

Answer 41

Tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase Dopamine packaged into vesicles with dopamine Beta hydroxylase, Noradrenaline is the product Noradrenaline converted to adrenaline in the cytoplasm by **phenylethanol methyltransferase** Action potential causes Ca2+ influx & Exocytosis Exocytosis & Neurotransmitter release Adrenaline diffuses into capillaries and is transported to tissues in the blood

Question 42

If you take an opioid, what will happen to your pupils and why?

Answer 42

Constrict Parasympathetic nervous system activated