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NEUROLOGY > 1b Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

1b Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The thin layer that covers the entire surface of the brain - together with deep nuclei contains the grey matter

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2
Q

What is the microscopic organization of the cerebral cortex?

A

layers and columns

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

in front of the central sulcus

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4
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Cognitive function
Attention
Motor functions
MEmory
Language

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5
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation
Sensory aspect of language
Spatial orientation and self perception

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6
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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7
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information, emotions and memory

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8
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

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9
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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10
Q

What is the grey matter composed of ?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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11
Q

What is the internal structure of the white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tract

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12
Q

What connects cortical areas/

A

White matter tracts

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13
Q

What are association fibres?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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14
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structure in left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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16
Q

What is the name of the fibres which connect the frontal and occipital lobes?

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

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17
Q

What is the name of the association fibres which connect the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Arcuate Fascicules

Uncinate fascicules (connects anterior frontal and temporal)

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18
Q

What are the two main sets of commissural fibres? And the other two?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Posterior commissure and Hippocampal commissure of fornix

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19
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

where the projections radiate

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20
Q

Where do the projection fibres converge?

A

Through an internal capsule between the thalamus and basal ganglia

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21
Q

What effects will lesions in the primary cortices have compared to the secondary / association cortices?

A

Function predictable / less
Organised topographically / not
Symmetry between left and right / weak symmetry

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22
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.
Provides descending signals to execute movements.

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23
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued)

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24
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

involved in planning movements (e.g. externally cued)

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25
What is the role of the primary somatosensory cortex?
processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.
26
Which lobe of the brain is the somatosensory cortex in?
Parietal lobe
27
What is the role of the somatosensory association lobe?
Interpret significance of sensory information Awareness of self and awareness of personal space
28
What is the role of the primary visual cortex?
Processes visual information
29
What is the role of the visual association cortex?
Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input
30
What is the role of the auditory association cortex?
Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input
31
What is Broca's area?
Production of language
32
What is Wernicke's area?
Involved in the understanding of language
33
What is the role of the pre-frontal cortex?
Attention Adjusting social behaviour Planning Personality expression Decision Making
34
What changes occur due to frontal lobe lesions?
Changes in personality and inappropriate behaviour
35
What is meant by contralateral neglect?
When there is a lesion to the cortex on one side of the brain leading to complete disregard of what the other side of the body is doing, and lack of self awareness
36
Lesions in which lobe lead to contralatral neglect?
Parietal lobe
37
What do temporal lobe lesions lead to ?
Agnosia - the inability to recognise, and retrograde amnesia - inability to remember things which happened before the injury
38
What does a lesion to Broca's Area lead to?
Inability to produce speech, however comprehension is intact - expressive aphasia
39
What does a lesion to Wernicke's Area lead to?
Receptive aphasia - able to produce speech however comprehension of speech is significantly impaired
40
Which commisural fibres connect Broca's and Wernicke's Areas?
Arcuate fasciculus
41
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces
42
What does a lesion in the primary visual cortex lead to?
blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field
43
How can PET scans be used to assess brain function?
blood flow directly to a brain region
44
How can Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) be used to measure cortical function?
amount of blood oxygen in a brain region
45
What does Electroencephalography (EEG) do?
Measures electrical activity in the brain
46
What doews Magnetoencephalography – (MEG) do?
Measures magnetic activity in the brain
47
What are Somatosensory evoked potentials?
series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways
48
What is Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?
Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates
49
What is Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?
Imaging used to assess the structure of the brain Based on diffusion of water molecules
50
What are the 6 layers of the brain?
Molecular layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer Internal granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Multiform Layer
51
Which part of the brain is responsible for the sensory aspects of language?
Parietal lobe
52
Where is the insular cortex?
Lies deep within the lateral fissue
53
What does the internal capsule do?
Consists of ascending and descending tracts that connect the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
54
What changes occur due to frontal lobe lesions?
changes in personality and inappropriate behaviour
55
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form new memories
56
Lesions to which brain area are common following a stroke?
Wernicke's
57
Wat is prosopagnosia?
The inability to recognise familiar faces o learning new faces
58
What are three ways that cortical function is assessed?
Imaging Encephalography Brain stimulation
59
What does fMRI detect changes in?
Changes in blood oxygenation and flow which occur in response to neural activity
60
What it the routine investigation for people with spinal cord injury to confirm where along the pathway lesion is?
EEG
61
Where is the activity recorded to and from in an EEG?
Recorded along the path of an impulse from the peripheral nerve up to the brain
62
A 62 year old woman comes into hospital for a check-up. She says: Yes...ah..Monday...er...me...er...hospital...and...doctor. Where might she have a lesion?
Broca's = Expressive Aphasia = Left Frontal Lobe lesion

NEUROLOGY (22 decks)

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