1B) Patterns of human rights violations are influenced by a range of factors Flashcards
What three things in the UDHR state that everyone has the right to, in Article 3
‘life, liberty and security’
What three things show spatial patterns of human rights violation
forced labour, maternal mortality and capital punishment
What are some different types of forced labour
- domestic workers who are exploited as unpaid/abused
- sex slaves
- illegal labours
- sweat shops
- child labour
Victims of forced labour
- globally-21 million people are victims
- almost 19 million victims exploited by private individuals or enterprises
- migrant workers and idigenous people
Distribution of forced labour
- Southeast Asia has the highest level-11.7 million (2012)
- victims per 1000 inhibitants is highest in Asia and Africa, and lowest in developed economies and EU
Distribution of modern slavery
- highest percentage in areas of Africa and Asia-e.g. India
- highest in Mauritania where 4% are enslaved
- lowest in areas such as Australia, Indonesia, Brazil and UK
Economic factors that influence global variations of forced labour
- low wages
- poverty
- lack of economic opportunities and unemployment
- migration and seeking work
- subsistence farming
Political factors that influence global variations of forced labour
- political instability
- corruption
- conflict
- high levels of discrimination, prejudice
- state sponsorship of modern slavery
Social factors that influence global variations of forced labour
- gender inequality
- indigenous people
- age, especially children
- entire families enslaved through bonded labour e.g. constuction, agriculture, garment factories in India
- women and children trafficking
Enviornmental factors that influence global variations of forced labour
- hazardous working conditions in open mines
- escaping climate related disasters, including food and water shortages
Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-where were the victims from and how were they chosen
- from Poland
- ex-prisoners, alcoholics and the homeless
Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what kinds of work were they doing
- recycling centres
- on farms
- redecorating houses
Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what were their living conditions like
- “horrible”
- no working toilets, heating or furniture
- fed out of date food
- refused medical care
Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what happened to victims who spoke out
-humiliated, threatened and beaten
Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what methods did the traffickers use to ‘trap’ their victims
- convince them that they would pay good money
- they would be arrested if they left
What is maternal mortality
- the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
- from any cause related to aggravated by the pregnancy or its managmenet
What is MMR
-the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its managment
How many women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth
830
Distirbution of Maternal mortality rates
- globally in 2013, 289,000 women died during childbirth and following pregnancy and childbirth
- most of these deaths occurred in developing countires e.g. Sierra Leone and Chad
- lowest in areas such as Australia, USA, Canada and Australisa
Factors that influebce global variations of MMR
- poverty
- level of government investment
- availaibility of information and education
- access to treatments for pregnancy and birth complications, especially emergency care
Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-facts/statistics
- Nigeria is part of a group that make up more than 50% of MMR
- MMR in 2013-560 per 100,000 live births
- 145 women lost everyday due to maternal mortality
- 2010-64.4% in extreme poverty
Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-reasons for high MMR
- lack of access to healthcare, rampant poverty, substandard health care and the prevalance of child marriage
- cannot afford healthcare
- women’s bodies not ready for childbirth
Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-what can be done to reduce MMR
- access to healthcare more widespread
- improve quality of healthcare available
- reduce the number of child marriages
- de-stigmatize contraceptive use
What is capital punishment and some factssss
- this is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial
- usually used for murder, but can be used for rape, fraud, capital crimes
- goes against human right ‘right to life’
- UN general assembly has called for an end to death penalty
Key statistics about caputal punishment
- according to Amnesty International, in 2014 there were at least 607 executions globally and 2,466 people were sentenced to death in 55 countries
- 89% of all executions in 2015 took place in 3 countries
- end of 2015- 102 countries abolished death penalty
Distribution of spatial patterns of capital punishment
- capital punishment mainly used in USA, China and parts of Africa
- it has been abolished in countries such as Australia, Canada and the UK
- for exceptional crimes, the main countries include Russia, Brazil and Greenland
Factors that influence global variations of capital punishment
- differences in types off crime for which it is imposed
- an increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished
- reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism
- the incidence of its legality under national law
