1A) Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents Flashcards
What is a long term migrant
a person who moves to a country other than residence for at least one year
What is a short term migrant
A person who moves for more than three months but less than a year
What is net migration
the differences between number of immigrants and emigrants for a country
A few facts about migration
- in 2015, 244 million people were living outside their country of origin
- the global migration system is dynamic
What are the two main reasons for migration
- economic migrants-these are the majority. They are seeking work and social opportunities. Sending money back to their family (migrant remittances)
- refugees-fleeing conflict zones and persecution. Growing in numbers, as are asylum seekers
What was the total population change in 2013 and 2020 due to international migrants
-2013: +407,345
-2020: +313,000
these figures are only estimates because it is difficult to define an international migrant and there are many undocumented illegal migrations
What three scales does migration occur at
- between neighbouring countries e.g. Germany to France
- across the globe e.g. UK to Australia
- between major global regions e.g. Africa and Europe
What are the advantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of international migration
- visually effective-can see a large amount of information and general patterns
- anomalies easily identified
What are the disadvantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of internatinal migration
- they give a false impression of abrupt changes at the boundaries of shaded units
- not suitable for showing total value
- difficult to distinguish between different shades
- variations within an area are hidden
Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad FROM the UK
- employment opportunities-the majority were of working age, including a high proportion in managerial positions
- retirement-high UK house process enable many to sell up and live more cheaply abroad. Goodquality of life
- family reunification-moving to join relatives overseas
Example of international migration-UK-main countries of origin of UK immigrants (in million)
- India- 0.76
- Poland- 0.66
- Pakistan- 0.48
Example of international migration-UK-main countries of destination of UK emigrants (in million)
- Australia- 1.28
- USA- 0.76
- Canada- 0.67
Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad TO the UK
- ex colonies e.g. India
- fellow EU countries e.g. Poland
- business/job/work opportunities
- education (193,000 were students in full time education)
- family reunification (91,000)
How much of the immigrant population did women represent in the UK
women represented just over half of the UK’s immigrant population in 2013
Which region of the UK had the largest number of immigrants
London- 36.2% of immigrants (mostly from India)
What is inter regional migration
- the movement of people between different global regions e.g. Africa to Europe
- several thousand peope have risked their lives fleeing conflict and instability in Africa and the Middle East in order to reach Europe
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are they key routes of migration into Europe
- Meditteranean sea from North Africa to reach Europe
- large number of migrants arriving in Europe were from Syria
- Italy-high numbers of migrants
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are some of the challenges faced along the way?
- temperatures/seas-higher temperatures and calmer seas make the dangerous journey less threatening
- boats are small, crammed and poorly maintained
- heat exhaustion and suffocation (due to poor conditions)
- boats can sink-people can drown
- 3,279 peoeple died in 2014 to Mediterranea sea crossings
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration-Where are most migrants going (include %)
- 41% Germany- Germany accept immigrants and easy to get a job
- 16% Sweden- good system of healthcare and education. High quality of life
- 15% Italy- easy to get to compared to other countries
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- where are most migrants coming from (include %)
- 45% Syria- to escape war and seek somewhere safe to live
- 25% Afghanistan- high violence levels means there was a surge of Asylum seekers
- 10% Eritrea- fighting here means there were large amount of refugee migrants (2014- Eritrea+ Spain accounted for the largest number of migrants arriving in Italy by sea)
What are push factors
negative things that make people want to move out of a place
- unemployment
- lack of safety/services
- poverty
- crop failure
- drought
- hazards
What are pull factors
Positive things that attract people to a new place
- job opportunities
- safer atmosphere
- better service provision
- fertile land
- greater wealth
Briefly explain Lee Migration Model
Original (push/pull factors) —-> destination (push/pull factors)
INTERVENING OBSTACLES inbetween e.g. economic cost, physical features, climatic factors
Named example of Mediterranean migration- push factors from Etitrea
- it is one of the worl’d poorest countries
- access to sanitation available to just 13%
- only 22% jave access to safe water
- low life expectancy of 65 years
- politically unstable and corrupt with internal civil war
Another named example of Mediterranean- Intervening obstacles for migrants from Syria to Greece
- thousands of miles between these two countries
- migrants have to take different forms of transportation
- journey is expensive and angerous
- migration hubs expensive-Turkish refugee camp- have to pay a large fee in order to leave
- small boat from Turkey to Greece- boat is small and Mediterranean sea is deadly sea crossing
What is intra regional migration
- the movement of people within the same global region e.g. from Poland to the UK within the EU
- movement can occur between Member States of the EU or between EU countries and non EU contries
- economic migrants
3 statistics about intra regional migration
- 2012: 1.7 million people resident in an EU country migrated to another EU country
- a further 1.7 million moved to the EU from countries outside
- 2.7 million migrated from EU to non EU state
INTRA regional migration- what is a popular destination for migrants within the EU
- Germany (345, 692 in 2013)
- France (93,393)
INTRA regional migration- where are the lowest recipients of migrants coming from
- Lativia (1,517)
- Lithuania (1,728)
INTRA regional migration- which countries have the highest perecentage of foreigners in their total population
- Spain
- Estonia
- Latvia
INTRA regional migration- which countru jas the largest percentage of its migrants in EU origin?
Luxembourg
INTRA regional migration- what has determined the size of migrations?
- the Schengen Agreement-signed in 1985 (allowed freedom of movement within most of the EU)
- recent EU expansion- increased potential number of migrants
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the motives for Polish migrants?
- economic-Polish migrants were attracted by greater employment opportunities, higher wages, better living standards and ease of return
- political-since Poland joined the EU, A8 migrants are able to live and work in the EU without a visa
- social-many Polish migrants have migrated to be with family members
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what sorts of jobs do they do?
- low skilled work jobs
- job vaccines mainly in leisure, construction and farming
- most Polish migrants will set up their own business
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- how many Poles (Polish people) lived in the UK and how many UK residents live in Poland in 2013-
- Poles=660,000
- UK residents=40,000- mostly professionals working for MNCs and attracted by the lower cost of living
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the benefits to the UK?
- migrants bring a wide range of skills
- contributes to economic growth by an estimated £2.5 billion every year
- 80% of migrants are between the ages of 18 and 35, offsetting the UK’s ageing population
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the negatives to the UK
- tensions between the migrants and local population
- schools, hopsitals and other services put under pressure
- property prices increase-due to increase in demand for accommodation
- money sent out of the country, back to Poland
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- positives of migration on Poland
- more jobs because there are fewer competing for work
- Polish migrants sending back remittances
- population density reduced
- returning migrants bring back new skills
INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- negatives of migration on Poland
- negative multiplier effects- because loss of skilled workers. So may slow economic growth
- some schools unfilled due to migrants
- loss of young adult labour force- may result in labour shortages
