1.b) Current spatial patterns of human right issues

Question 1

Define the terms forced labour

Answer 1

situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulation of debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities.

Question 2

how many people globally are in forced labour?

Answer 2

25 million globally

Question 3

global trends forced labour - where are the highest rates

Answer 3

• Highest rates of forced labour is in Asia reported to have the highest incidences
• India highest rates of modern slavery

Question 4

Define maternal mortality rate

Answer 4

The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of birth or from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

Question 5

How many women die each year?

Answer 5

300,000

Question 6

Where are the countries with highest amount of mmr?

Answer 6

• ⅔ all maternal deaths are in sub-saharan Africa - concentrated in the centre
• Sierra leone has the highest maternal mortality ratio for 1,360 deaths per 100,000 live births - though is declining 50% reduction since 1990

Question 7

Define capital punishment

Answer 7

May have it as a punishment for a crime but whether it is used during the legal system is a different aspect.

• need to look at spread that use it and for what reason
• what pattern is there for it - delayed / immediate

Question 8

Economic factors affecting Maternal Mortality rate

Answer 8

• Quality of medical services - provision and skilled assistance at birth
• poverty
• Access to treatments for pregnancy and birth → in particular emergency care

Question 9

Social factors affecting MMR

Answer 9

• Cultural barriers affecting discrimination
• Sexual prejudice / gender inequality
• Availability of education an information surrounding birth - more pregnancy has more in risk / knowledge of how to look after self during pregnancy

Question 10

Political factors affecting MMR

Answer 10

Politics and govt. Investment - may not see it as an issue to fund - links to economic access and funds

Question 11

Economic factors affecting forced labour

Answer 11

• Poverty
• Unemployment / lack of opportunities
• Low wages
• Subsidence farming
• Migration
  Often with growth in instances in domestic force labour → often female migrants - household help

Question 12

Political factors affecting forced labour

Answer 12

• Instability / corruption
• Conflict
• State sponsorship of slavery
• ^ levels of prejudice

Question 13

Social factors affecting forced labour

Answer 13

• Gender inequality
• Age - children
• Entire families enslaved in bonded labor
• Trafficking of women for sexual
• Indigenous people

Question 14

Environmental factors affecting forced labour

Answer 14

• Escaping climate-related disasters including food and water shortages → if has prevalence of these disasters ^ vulnerability of population so have to move thus more at risk
• Hazardous working conditions in open mines

Question 15

Factors affecting capital punishment

Answer 15

• Differences in the types and ranges of crimes it is available for
• Incidence of legality under law
• Increase of countries its being abolished
• Reinstatement in some countries due to terrorism
• Number of pardons granted
• Political corruption