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S3: Gastrointestinal > 1b.) Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

1b.) Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

State the four layers of the GI tract innermost to outermost

A
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2
Q

State 4 roles of the epithelial layer of the mucosa

A

It is a selectively permeable barrier which:

  • Facilitates transport and digestion of food
  • Promotes absorption
  • Produces hormones
  • Produes mucus
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3
Q

State the three layers of the mucosa innermost to outermost

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis muosae
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4
Q

State the main role(s) of the lamina propria in the mucosa

A

Has lots of lymphoid tissue and macrophages to produce antibodies to protect against bacterial or viral infection

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5
Q

What antibodies are mainly produced by lamina propria of mucosa and why?

A

IgA as reistant to proteases

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6
Q

Label the following image

A
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7
Q

State 2 roles of the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa

A

Layers of smooth muscle orientated in different directions which:

  • Keep epithelium in contact with gut contents
  • Help keepy crypt contents dynamic
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8
Q

State the contents of the submucosa

A
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Glands
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
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9
Q

Describe the arrangement of muscle fibres in the muscularis propria and state what is found betwen the two layers

A
  • Outer longitudinal muscle (shorten gut)
  • Myenteric (Auerbach’s plexus)
  • Inner circular muscle (peristalsis)
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10
Q

State 3 contents of the serosa

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Adipose tissue
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11
Q

The serosa is continuous with mesenteries; true or false

A

True

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12
Q

Give a brief overall description of layers, and sublayers, of the GI tract

A
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13
Q

What epithelia is found in the alimentary canal? CLUE: does it change as you go down the alimentary canal

A
  • Stratified squamous in oesophagus and distal anus
  • Everything inbetween is simple columnar
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14
Q

What type of epithelial cell is an enterocyte and what does it do?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cell that absorbs

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15
Q

Why must blood vessels and lymphatics lie immediately below enterocyte in the lamina propria?

A

Nutrients must be transported through both apical and basolateral membrane to be absorbed

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16
Q

State 3 anatomical features of small intestine to increase surfacea area

A
  • Plicae circulares (permanent folds)
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
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17
Q

What is meant by the brush border?

A

The microvilli (increases surface area but also contains digestive enzymes)

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18
Q

Where do you find goblet cells in GI tract?

A

Scattered between enterocytes increasing in number from duodenum to colon

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19
Q

Why is nucleus of a goblet cell at the base?

A

Mucus compresses nucleus

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20
Q

Mucus protects epithelia from what three things?

A
  • Friction (it is a lubricant)
  • Chemical damage (environment can be acidic)
  • Bacterial inflammation (physical barier)
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21
Q

Where are foveolar cells found and what is their role?

A

Foveolar cells lien gastric mucosa and secrete mucus, which contains HCO3, which acts as a barrier against stomach acid

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22
Q

What are the permanent folds in the small intestine called?

A

Plicae circulares

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23
Q

What are rugae and why are they needed?

A

Rugae are temporary folds in the stomach which allow it to expand

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24
Q

What are haustra and where are they found?

A

Haustra are small pouches/sacculations which gives colon segmented appearance. As a result of contraction of longitudinal muscle

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25
Q

What are crypts, where are they found and what is the function of crypts?

A

Pits found in the small and large intestine that contain specialised cells.

Function:

NOTE: also called crypts of Lieberkuhn or intestinal glands

26
Q

State 3 cells found in crypts

A
  • Stem cells
  • Paneth cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
27
Q

State the role of stem cells found in crypts

A

Constantly divide to replace epithelia every 2-4 days

28
Q

State the role of paneth cells in crypts

A

Secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

29
Q

State the role of enteroendocrine cells in the crypts

A

Secrete hormones that control function of the gut e.g. gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin

30
Q

Briefly describe the arrangement of stem cells, paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells in crypts

A
31
Q

Give 3 examples of glandular tissue in the gut

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Brunners glands (duodenum- neutralisation & osmotic role)
32
Q

State ALL layers of the abdominal wall starting from outermost to innermost

A
  • Skin
  • Fascia/fat
    • Superficial
    • Deep
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis (middle of three above)
  • Transversalis fascia (beneath muscles)
  • Peritoneum
33
Q

Describe the direction of the fibres in the:

  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
A
34
Q

Do the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis have aponeurosis’?

A

Yes… they envelop the rectus abdominis muscle- called rectus sheath

35
Q

What is the arcuate line and where is it?

A
  • Below the arcuate line the rectus sheath only goes anterior to the rectus abdominis wherease above the arcuate line the rectus sheath goes both anterior and posterior to the rectus abdominis.
  • Roughly halfway between umbilicus and pubic crest
36
Q

What is the tendinous portion betwen the two halves of rectus abdominis called?

A

Linea alba

37
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity made of?

A

Mesothelium lined cavity with flattened simple squamous epithelium, a basement membraneand dense irregular connective tissue

38
Q

There are two types of peritoneum; describe these and where they are found

A
  • Visceral: envelops viscera
  • Parietal: lines cavity wall
39
Q

What does the peritoneum produce?

A

Lubricating fluid

40
Q

What are intraperitoneal viscera?

A

Viscera that are enveloped in peritoneum that has projected off cavity wall (visceral peritoneum)

41
Q

What are retroperitoneal viscera?

A

Viscera that are not enveloped and lie posterior to peritoneal cavity

42
Q

What is a mesentery? What does it contain? What is it’s function?

A

Double fold of visceral peritoneum that attaches certain viscera to the posterior abdominal wall. Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, fat. It anchors abdominal organs in place whilst still allowing some movement and provides conduit for blood vessels, lymphatics etc..

43
Q

State which viscera are enveloped by peritoneum and hence attached to posterior abdominal wall (6)

A
  • Jejenum
  • Ileum
  • Appendix
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
44
Q

Is the peritoneal cavity closed in both males and females?

A

Closed in males, open at entrance to fallopian tubes in females

45
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

46
Q

Is the GI tract an external environment? What are the implications of this?

A

External environment as mouth and anus link it to the external environment. Implications:

  • Infection risk/entry of pathogens
  • Easy examination without incisions
  • Allows substances to easily get in and out of body which aids it’s function
47
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The entire passage along which food passes down from mouth to anus

48
Q

What is the function of the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • Peritoneal cavity contains small amoutn of peritoneal fluid which reduces friction betwen organs as they are dynamic when working
  • Helps keep abdominal organs in place
49
Q

Describe the innervation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum and the implications of this when it comes to pain

A
  • Visceral: has same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers hence pain is poorly localised. Pain is referred to dermatomes which are supplied by same sensory ganglia or spinal cord segments
  • Parietal: has same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines hence pain is well localised
50
Q

State the abdominal viscera which are retroperitoneal

A
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Aorta and IVC
  • Duodenum (except proximal 2cm)
  • Pancreas
  • Ureters
  • Colon (ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ONLY)
  • Kidneys
  • Esophagus
  • Rectum

SAD PUCKER

51
Q

For the greater and lesser omentum state:

  • What they are
  • Where they descend from and attach back to
A

Greater omentum: four layers of visceral peritoneum which descends from greater curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum and folds back up to attach to anterior surface transverse colon

Lesser omentum: double layer of visceral peritoneum which attaches from lesser curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum to the liver

52
Q

For each of the muscles of the abdominal wall state the nerve supply

A
  • External oblique: subcostal nerve (T12)
  • Internal oblique: subcostal nerve (T12) and L1 spinal nerve
  • Rectus abdominis: subcostal nerve (T12)
  • Transversus abdominis: subcostal nerve (T12) and L1 spinal nerve
53
Q

Describe the 6 different portions of the mesentery

A
  • Mesentery of small intestine: mobile but connects small intestine to posterior abdo wall
  • Right mesocolon: flattered to posterior wall
  • Transverse mesocolon: mobile
  • Left mesocolon: flatted to posterior wall
  • Mesosigmoid: mobile (small section flatted to posterior abdo wall)
  • Mesorectum: anchors rectum through pelvis
54
Q

State the action of the external oblique muscle

A
  • Rotates vertebral column to opposite side
  • Bends trunk at same side
55
Q

State the action of the internal oblique muscle

A
  • Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk on ipsilateral side
56
Q

State the action of the transversus abdominis muscle

A

Rotation, flexion and lateral flexion of the trunk

57
Q

State actions of the rectus abdominis muscle

A
  • Flexion of trunk
  • Stabilization of pelvis
58
Q

What is a peritoneal ligament? State the 4 peritoneal ligaments you need to be aware of

A

Double fold of peritoneum that connects viscera together or connects viscera to the abdominal wall.

  • Falciform ligament (attaches liver to front body wall and splits liver into left and right lobe)
  • Lesser omentum (stomach to liver)
  • Gastro-colic ligament (stomach to transverse colon)
  • Gastro-splenic ligament (stomach to spleen)

NOTE: gastro-colic and gastro-splenic ligament make up the greater omentum

59
Q

State the 9 regions of the abdomen and where each of the following organs is found (may want to draw it):

  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Kidneys
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Jejenum
  • Ileum
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
A
60
Q

What is the connection between greater and lesser sac called?

A

Foramen of Winslow/Epiploic foramen

S3: Gastrointestinal (18 decks)

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