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MT6317 > 1a3. Carbs > Flashcards

1a3. Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

A primary source of energy for brain, erythrocytes, and retinal cells in humans

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates is a major food source and energy supply for the body and are stored primarily as ___ in the liver and muscle

A

glycogen

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3
Q

Carbohydrates are made up of which substances?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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4
Q

How much water molecule is inserted per carbon?

A

1

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5
Q

The smallest carbohydrate

A

Glyceraldehyde

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6
Q

Glyceraldehyde is a ___-carbon compound

A

3

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7
Q

The simplest form of carbohydrates and is not hydrolyzable

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

Glucose

A

mono

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9
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

fructose

A

mono

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10
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

galactose

A

mono

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11
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

maltose

A

di

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12
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

lactose

A

di

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13
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

sucrose

A

di

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14
Q

Components of maltose

A

2 glucose

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15
Q

Components of lactose

A

1 galactose, 1 glucose

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16
Q

Components of sucrose

A

1 glucose, 1 fructose

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17
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

starch

A

poly

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18
Q

Identify based on the number of sugar units:

glycogen

A

poly

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19
Q

An enzyme present in the saliva and stomach that hydrolyzes starch to disaccharides

A

Amylase

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20
Q

Glucose confirmation that is most common in humans

A

D-glucose

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21
Q

The only CHO that can be directly used for energy or storage

A

Glucose

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22
Q

The process of conversion of amino acids by the liver & other specialized tissue to substances that can be converted into glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

The principal pathway of glucose oxidation

A

Embden meyerhof pathway

24
Q

The site for embden meyerhof pathway

A

mitochondria

25
Q

In the embden meyerhof pathway, glucose is broken down into ___

A

two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

26
Q

After the embden meyerhof pathway, the pyruvic acid will then by used by which biochemical pathway?

A

tricarbocylic acid cycle

27
Q

Other substrates that may be used to synthesize energy

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids
Ketones

28
Q

This is a detour of glucose-6-phosphate from the glycolytic pathway to become 6-phosphogluconic acid

A

hexose monophosphate shunt

29
Q

T/F: the hexose monophosphate shunt produces ATP and biosynthetic products

A

F (this does not produce ATP)

30
Q

The hexose monophosphate shunt is also called the ___

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

31
Q

This pathway only occurs when the body’s energy requirements are being met

A

Glycogenesis pathway

32
Q

The utilization of stored glucose from glycogen

A

Glycogenolysis

33
Q

The processes being done by the body when the glucose is low

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

34
Q

The process that causes the production of ketone bodies

A

Gluconeogenesis

35
Q

The process happening when one is fasting for less than 1 day

A

Glycogenolysis

36
Q

The process happening when one is fasting for >1 day

A

Gluconeogenesis

37
Q

Examples of ketone bodies

A

Acetone
Acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyric acid

38
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

39
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

40
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glygenolysis

41
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

42
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

43
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

44
Q

Insulin and glucagon are produced by which organ?

A

Pancreas

45
Q

Cells that synthesize insulin

A

B-cells

46
Q

Cells that synthesize glucagon

A

a-cells

47
Q

T/F: insulin is the only hormone in the human body that lowers blood sugar

A

T

48
Q

This is released during stress and fasting states

A

Glucagon

49
Q

This hormone is synthesized in the pancreas and hypothalamus that increases plasma glucose

A

Somatostatin

50
Q

Somatostatin is from the __ cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

delta

51
Q

Epinephrine is a hormone synthesized by the ___ which increases blood glucose

A

Adrenal medulla

52
Q

Cortisol is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, specifically in the zona ___

A

fasciculata

53
Q

Aldosterone is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, specifically in the zona ___

A

glomerulosa

54
Q

Growth hormone is synthesized in the ___ and is inhibited by somatostatin

A

anterior pituitary gland

55
Q

Location:

Cushing disease

A

anterior pituitary gland

56
Q

Location:

Cushing syndrome

A

adrenal cortex

MT6317 (10 decks)

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