(1a) A changing political landscape Flashcards
What was Plural voting?
Plural voting enabled businessmen who lived in one constituency and owned property in another to vote in both constituencies.
AND in their university constituency.
How long did plural voting remain for?
Plural voting remained until 1948
What happened in 1918?
conservatives
In 1918, constituency boundaries were redrawn to reflect population movements.
This change gave middle class suburbs – those people who owned their property - greater representation. These people tended to vote Conservative.
What was unevenness in voting exacerbated by?
Give an example
By the first past the post electoral system.
In 1918 it was calculated that it took 15, 943 to return a Conservative MP, 29, 898 for a Labour MP and 26, 116 for a Liberal MP.
What happened in 1921?
Ireland
the Irish Free State gained independence.
Independence from the UK resulted in the loss of 80 Nationalist MP’s, who had supported the Liberals. In contrast the Conservatives continued to receive support from 10 Northern Irish MPs.
What was the main problem with the Liberal party?
They were played by division.
Why were the Liberal party divided?
Lloyd-George had become Prime Minister in 1916 after successfully opposing Herbert Asquith over that man’s dislike of the DORA.
The result of this split meant that Lloyd George became Prime Minister because his “wing” of the Party received backing from Conservative MPs, but Asquith remained leader of the Liberal Party. Subsequently
In the coalition how many seats did the conservatives have compared to the liberals in 1918?
Out of 459 Seats that the Lloyd George Liberals / Conservatives won,
The Conservatives won 332.
What were the scandals around the liberal party?
Knighthood scandal in 1922 and the unpopularity of the Geddes Axe in 1922
What did the conservatives do in response to the scandals?
The Conservatives were able to capitalise on their success when they felt strong enough to withdraw their support.
What did Geddes Axe include?
The health, welfare and housing budgets were reduced from £205.8million in 1920-21 to £182.1million in 1922-23
What was the labour party like in 1931?
the Labour government was deeply divided over how to handle the economic crisis and were decimated in the general election of that year
- the dominance of the National Government was established.
What did the labour party do during the interwar years?
They did grow in influence during the interwar years, became the main Party of opposition and gained MPs for the first time in its small history
When was the general strike?
1926
What happened in the 1926 general strike?
On the 4th May 1926, the Trade Unions Congress announced all of its members (including bus conductors and railway workers) would go on strike in support of coal miners who were locked out of a pay dispute.
What happened in response tp the General strike?
The country ground to a standstill, Middle-Class workers began to volunteer to get country up & running again.
A sense of class warfare was created in the country - the BBC came out in support of the government.
The militancy and widespread impact of the action, led to people associating the disruption with a perception of working class revolution & suspicion of the Socialist minded Labour Party grew.
When did the rebranding of the conservative party begin?
Began in the 1870s moving away from the party of wealth and privilege to ‘one nation Tories’ - which promoted empire, patriotism and national defence. This move was designed to attract the uncommitted working class voter – which it did.
Who was the leader of the Conservative party between 1923-1927?
Stanley Baldwin
When was Stanley Baldwin PM?
1923-1927
What did stanley Baldwin continue with?
He continued this rebranding, presenting himself as a straight-talking man of the people, although he could be seen as dull,
he largely found success through the ‘safety first’ campaign
- apart from in the complacent 1929 election year which saw Labour return to power.
What was Baldwins reputation and what the benefit of this?
Although he owned a fortune in the steel industry, Baldwin was known to run his factories fairly and promote good working relationships between employers and workers.
Therefore, Baldwin gained a reputation for economic competence and this helped not only bolster support from traditional voters but also attracted wealthy, middle class Liberals
How did ROPA damage the Liberals and help the labour party?
ROPA extended the electorate by 13 million people, including young, working class men
The working class made up the majority (80%) of the electorate - & (some) women.
Although remember: roughly 25% of the Working Class had become natural Conservative voters.
What did ROPA led to?
The Representation of the People Act led to a growing number of working class voters which the Liberals failed to win over.
How did the Labour take away voters from the Liberals?
Effectiveness of the Labour Party in adapting to the new areas of the electorate took votes away from the Liberals.
How did the Labour and liberal share of the vote change from 1910 and 1923?
the Labour party went from having 7.1% of the vote to having 30.5%,
meanwhile the Liberals share of the vote declined – from 43.9% to 29.6% -
evidence that the new influx of voters led to a rise in the Labour Party’s power –
and a decline of the Liberals.
How did ROPA not change anything?
The working class vote did not increase to the extent where it could have led to such a decline in Liberal seats.
Liberals failed to challenge the development of the first past the post system and this only really damaged the Liberals in the 1930s – by then the decline was too far gone.
What scandal happened in 1922?
A scandal emerged where DLG was selling knighthoods & peerages amassing a huge political fortune - knighthood could be bought for £10 000 -[which he refused to share with the Liberals unless they followed his ideas].
Why the Liberals lost the 1922 General Election.
- Lloyd George’s personal unpopularity
- Divisions between the Liberals
- The rise of the Labour Party
Were all significant reasons
What did the Liberals lack in the elections ?
In the 1922, 1923 and 1924 elections the Liberals lacked the proper funds to run successful campaigns or field as many candidates as the Conservative and Labour (this was partly due to Lloyd George withholding funds from the Liberal party unless they gave him their full support).
What happened in the 1924 election?
Although it supported a minority Labour government in 1924, their share of the vote fell by 12% in the 1924 General Election, This was down to the Liberals losing the confidence of their traditional voter base as many turned to the Conservatives.
How did Lloyd Geogre try to fix the promblem?
Lloyd George tried to create a viable set of policies to solve the growing problem of unemployment and investment in industry presented in their ‘The Yellow Book’.
They never gained the support of the electorate and the Liberals became increasingly marginalised and their share of the vote continued to fall throughout the 1920s.