19.Modern Ethics Personalities and their ethical ideas.

Question 1

1.Hobbes (“The condition of man is the condition of war of everyone against everyone”)

Answer 1

1. Human condition is a state of insecurity
   
   2. Human nature is inherently selfish.
   3. Social contract is pre-condition of morality.
   4. Security is more valuable than freedom.

Question 2

2.Locke (“We are like Chameleons, we take our hue and the colour of our moral character, from those who are around us.”)

Answer 2

1. Ethics should be rooted in natural rights. Life, liberty,property needed for ethical system.
   
   2. Rule of law to preserve and enlarge human rights.
   3. Legitimate role of government
   4. The right to revolt.

Question 3

3.Rousseau(“Man are born free, yet everywhere are in chains”)

Answer 3

1. Human nature is essentially good but civilization has corrupted.
   
   2. Idea of social contract
   3. About child rearing practices.-protect from corruption of society.boarding schools.breast feeding
   4. About romance-advocated it.

Question 4

4.Francis Bacon (“Whatever deserves to exist, deserves to be studied and understood.”)

Answer 4

1. Knowledge is power.
   
   2. Stumbling blocks in learning.
   3. Modern idea of progress.-technological for moral and material betterment

Question 5

5.Descartes

“I think, therefore I am”

Answer 5

1. Sense not a reliable source of knowledge.
   
   2. Dualism of mind and body.
   3. Mind as source of all knowledge.
   4. Idea should be grounded in reason and individual experience.

Question 6

6.Max Weber(“The great virtue of bureaucracy is that it is an institutional method for applying general rules to specific cases.”)

Answer 6

1. Ethics of rationality
   
   1. Value fragmentation in modern times.
   2. The ethics of conviction and responsibility

Question 7

7.Voltaire (“Prejudices are what fools use for reason”)

Answer 7

1. Religion is privately useful but its public use create social differences.
   
   2. Public use of individual critical reason secure civil liberties.
   3. Empirical facts are the solvent of prejudice and blind adherence to irrational thinking.
   4. Social tolerance is the consequence of humanity.

Question 8

8.David Hume(“The rules of morality are not the conclusion of our reason”)

Answer 8

1. Human are creature of sentiment rather than reason.
   
   2. Real knowledge comes through senses.
   3. Utility is a moral quality of good action.
   4. Concept of quality is inherent in our mental process

Question 9

9.Immanual Kant(“

Humans are ends not a means to an end”)

Answer 9

1. Human mind is gullible and prone to moral corruption.
   
   2. Actions are morally justified when universally applied.
   3. Duty based ethics.
   4. Government must ensure freedom to use public use of one’s reason.
   5. Beauty embodies ethics.

Question 10

10.Charles Darwin(“The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we ought to control our thoughts.”)

Answer 10

1. Humans and animals shared a common ancestry.
   
   2. Struggle for survival and evolution.
   3. Environment and adaptation.
   4. Compassion for unfit.

Question 11

11.Hegel(“Truth is found neither in theses not in anti-theses but in syntheses.”)

Answer 11

1. Important parts of ourselves can be found in history.-wisdom from all places cant be learnt.
   
   2. Learn from idea one greatly dislike.
   3. Progress is messy.
   4. Art has a purpose.
   5. Civil society as important part of ethical life.
   6. Institutions give flesh to ideas.

Question 12

12.Jeremy Bentham(“Greatest happiness to greatest number is the measure of right and wrong.”)

Answer 12

1. Pleasure and pain as ultimate end/utility of morality
   
   2. Greatest happiness to greatest number to maximize utility.
   3. Moral arithmetic.

Question 13

13.Adam Smith(“No society can flourish if greater parts of its members are poor and miserable”)

Answer 13

1. Specialization kills curiosity.business remind workers of purpose
   
   2. Consumerism is good for society.
   3. How to treat the rich-give honours for they give donation treat workers well etc.
   4. Educate consumers to environment.

Question 14

14.Raja Rammohan Roy(“A maker of Modern India”)

Answer 14

1. Traditionally sanctioned social violence against women is unjust.
   
   2. Cosmopolitanism (citizen of the world ).
   3. Modern education as best bill for Indian social bads.
   4. Freedom of press.

Question 15

15.Marx(“Nothing can have value without being an object of utility”)

Answer 15

1. Work can be source of greatest joy.
   
   2. Economy generates false values.
   3. Work is unfair.
   4. Capitalism is very unstable and bad for even capitalists.

Question 16

16.John Stuart Mills(“Happiness is intended pleasure and absence of pain”)

Answer 16

1. Conformity is manufactured in society
   
   2. Limits to liberty
   3. Freedom of opinion and expression.
   4. The cultivation of individual is fundamental to moral progress.

Question 17

17.Fredrick Neitzsche(“He who has a why to live for , can bear almost any how.”)

Answer 17

1. Own up to envy
   
   2. Religion is a giant machine for bitter denials.
   3. Never drink alcohol.
   4. Religion is useful in some life-helping cope with life problems

Question 18

18.Sigmund Freud(“Ethics is a highway code for traffic among mankind.”)

Answer 18

1. Ethics as a necessary evil.
   
   2. Childhood behaviour should not be morally judged.
   3. Human personality is not harmonious but made of conflicting elements.
   4. Conscious moral restraint should replace neurotic repressions.

Question 19

19.Albert Einstein(“Imagination is more important than knowledge”)

Answer 19

1. Need for ethical culture.
   
   1. Imagination is important than knowledge.
   2. Religion and science-separate morality from religion and treat secular for dignity and happiness to all people.
   3. Ethics of nuclear war.-terrifying

Question 20

20.Swami Vivekananda(“By the study of different religions we find that in essence they are one”)

Answer 20

1. Religion can survive only when it is spiritual force.
   
   2. Universalist thinkers with nationalist aspirations.
   3. Education as manifestation of inner perfection

Question 21

21.Helen Keller(“The sense of justice is continuous with the love of mankind”)

Answer 21

1. Advocacy for people with disabilities.
   
   2. Self pity suffocates wisdom.
   3. People have sight but not vision.

Question 22

22.John Rawls(“The sense of justice is continuous with the love of mankind”)

Answer 22

1. Things as patently unfair but we took no notice.
   
   2. Veil of ignorance.
   3. We know what needs to be fixed.
   4. What to do next ?

Question 23

23.Nelson Mandela(“No country can develop unless its citizens are educated “)

Answer 23

1. Leadership about quality of individuals not position.
   
   2. Democratic morality
   3. Moral authority is superior than political authority.

Question 24

24.Rachel Carson(“Man is a part of nature and his war against nature is inevtably a war against himself.”)

Answer 24

1. Humanity is part of nature not centre of life on earth.

2. Human war on nature is war against civilization

Question 25

25.Mahatma Jyotirao Phule(“Without education wisdom is lost, without wisdom morals are lost.”)

Answer 25

1. Unjust social order lies at the root of caste injustice
   
   2. Pioneer of women education in India
   3. Rationalist by nature.

Question 26

26.Rabindranath Tagore (“He is too busy in doing good finds no time to be good.”)

Answer 26

1. Political choices is hollow without personal choices.
   
   2. Becoming who you are is not something you do your own.
   3. On child education-children require indefiniteness and learn mostly unconsciously.
   4. Mans relationship with nature.

Question 27

27.Gandhi(“Be the change you wish to see in the world”)

Answer 27

1. Satyagraha as morally upright way to resist in oppressive situation.
   
   2. Indivisibility of means and end.
   3. Value of self-reliance

Question 28

28.Sardar Patel(“Satyagraha is not a creed for the weak or the cowardly”)

Answer 28

1. Nations self sufficiency is the precondition for its well being.
   
   1. Vision of state.
   2. National builder.

Question 29

29.Jawaharlal Nehru(“The only alternative to coexistence is co destruction”)

Answer 29

1. Facts won’t disappear if we doesn’t like them.
   
   2. Ignorance is always afraid of change.
   3. Democracy is good because other system are worse

Question 30

30.Dr. B. R Ambedkar(“Sincerity is the sum of all moral qualities”)

Answer 30

1. Conscience keeper of modern India.
   
   2. Inclusive democracy is not possible without social justice.
   3. Constitutional morality. -over traditional, social morality

Question 31

31.Dr.S Radhakrishnan(“When we think we know we cease to learn”)

Answer 31

1. Hinduism as religion has scientific basis
   
   2. It is not god who is worshipped but authority that claim to speak in his name.
   3. The end product of education should be free creative man

Question 32

32.E V Ramaswamy Naicker or Periyar(“The Socrates of South India”)

Answer 32

1. Reason is the spearhead of thinking.
   
   2. Personal respect and dignity is as precious as life.
   3. People should not be made to sell conscience to make living.
   4. Morality cannot be a one way traffic for women.

Question 33

33.Jamshedji Tata(“Grandfather of Indian Industry”)

Answer 33

1. Spirit of national building.

2. Philanthropist and educationist.

Question 34

34.S. Ramanujan(“The man who knew infinity”)

Answer 34

1. Value of pi used in today’s supercomputers.

1. His invented mathematical function is used to study black holes.

Question 35

35.M .Visvesharaya(“An engineer of modernity”)

Answer 35

1. Worked to leap nation into modernity

2. Productivity and competition key to excellence

Question 36

36.Krishna Menon(“An Undiplomatic diplomat”)

Answer 36

1. Persuasive power.

2. Principled diplomacy

Question 37

37.Verghese Kurian(“Milkman of India”)

Answer 37

1. Faith in people’s power to cooperate.
   
   2. Development from below.
   3. Role of enlightened leadership.

Question 38

38.Amartya Sen(“Development is removal of substantial freedoms”)

Answer 38

Development is removal of substantial freedoms

1. concept of capability and human development.
   
   1. Concept of entitlement.
   2. Idea of substantive freedom.

Question 39

39.E .Shreedharan(Focus on goals not politics)

Answer 39

1. Integrity and perseverance has practical value.
   
   2. Vision not prevalent system; should define the benchmark of work.
   3. Access to public utility should be equal to everyone.

Question 40

40.T.N Sheshan(“You can only look at the milestones”)

Answer 40

1. Insuring the autonomy and integrity of Election Commission.
   
   2. Empowering the voters.
   3. Reforming or changing electoral procedures.
   4. Changing election laws.