1970 - 1992 Flashcards
What was the significance of Nixon’s Native American Policy>
- 1969 - 1974
- Nixon rejected Termination and supported tribal self-determination
- His administration returned land, increased funding, and passed key pro-Native legislation
When and what was Nixon’s famous quote to Congress?
- 1970
- “create conditions for a new era in which the Indian future is determined by Indian acts and Indian decisions.”
When and what was the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
- 1975
- allowed tribes to administer their own education, healthcare and social services using federal funds
- massively increased tribal autonomy
When was the Indian Education act and what was it?
- 1972
- recognised the unique educational needs of Native students and provided funding for culturally relevant curricula and tribal control of education
How did tribal governments evolve during this period?
Many tribes expanded their political structures, gained legal recognition, and negotiated for governance and land use with state and federal gov
What was the state of Native education by the 1980s?
- Tribal colleges expanded, offering culturally relevant education
- The number of tribal colleges increased from 0 in 1968 to 25 by 1990
How did Native Americans reclaim cultural and religious rights in this period?
- Laws like the American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978
- protected the right to practise traditional religions, ceremonies, and access to sacred sites
What was the Native American Graves Protection act and when was it?
- 1990
- required federal agencies and institutions to return human remains and sacred objects to tribes, recognising cultural sovereignty and justice
- thousands of remains were returned to tribes throughout the 1990s
What was the economic impact of land and resource settlements?
- tribes gained financial compensation and land settlements
- Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act 1980 provided $81.5 million and restored 300,000 acres
How did health services change for Native Americans throughout the period?
- The Indian Health Service had budget increases
- still underfunded and health disparities remained high
- Native life expectancy was 71 years in 1990, nearly 6 years below average
What impact did Native American casino gaming have in the 1980s-90s?
- Gaming became a key source of revenue for some tribes
- Indian Gaming regulatory act 1988
- helped improve infrastructure, healthcare, and education
- By 1992, over 100 tribes operated gaming enterprises
What was the Wounded Knee Occupation and when was it?
- 1973
- Members of AIM and Oglala Lakota occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota
- protested corruption in tribal government and federal treaty violations
- 71-day standoff brough global attention to Native issues but ended in arrests and violence
How did American Indian Movement (AIM) resist federal neglect and push for Native rights?
- organised protests, legal action and cultural renewal programs
- pressured the US gov to address treaty rights and social conditions
When what the Longest Walk and why was it significant
- 3,000 mile protest from San Francisco to Washington DC
- raised awareness about Native treaty rights and helped defeat proposed anti-Native legislation
What happened at the occupation of Alcatraz and when was it?
- 1969 - 1971
- Native activists occupied the abandoned prison island to protest broken treaties and demand land
- gained national attention and inspired further activism
What was the Indian Child Welfare Act and when was it?
- 1978
- sought to keep Native children in Native families and communities
- ended forced adoption of Native children by non-Native families
Why was the 1975 Self-Determination Act a turning point?
- gave tribes control over federally funded programs
- marked the first time they could manage there own affairs independently of the BIA
