1968: Social Movements Flashcards
What part does Gerd-Rainer Horn see students playing in the civil rights movement in America?
“college students were in the forefront of this rapidly advancing social movement”
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the student protests in America in 1960-61 as being the start of?
“the first page of the first chapter of what eventually became an international student revolt”
What happened at the Agricultural and Techincal College in North Carolina in February 1960?
Four black students staged a sit-in at a diner for white people only
When did four black students stage a sit-in at a white-only bar?
February 1960
Where did the sit-in of four black students take place?
North Carolina
What college were the four black students who staged a sit-in from?
Agricultural and Technical College
What did the sit-in by four black students lead to?
Support from students across the country and the creation of the SNCC
What was the SNCC?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
When was the SNCC created?
1961
What is the Mississippi Freedom Summer?
When more than a thousand white northern students travelled to take part in civil rights activism in the south
Why was the Mississippi Freedom Summer enacted?
Because prior to it the civil rights campaigns in the south had been by mainly black students and had faced repression, so by bring white students into the campaigns they sought to end much of the racist oppression by the states
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn credit the SNCC and in particular the Freedom Summer with doing in the US?
Making breakthroughs in civil rights in the early to mid 1960s
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn argue provided the most important catalyst for student movements in the north of America after 1965?
Anti-Vietnam War activity
What activism did students participate in during the Freedom Summer?
- voter registration campaigns
- running ‘freedom schools’ to teach black children
What international influence does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the SNCC and Freedom Summer as having?
“the initial inspiration behind the rise to prominence of Western European radical social movements” in the 1960s
Where did the Free Speech Movement take place?
University of California, Berkeley
What sparked the Free Speech Movement?
When the University of California banned student political organisations from operating on a particular public street, and designated a different and secluded space for them to set up their tables instead
What was the FSM originally called?
United Front
What is the FSM?
The organisation consisiting of all Berkeley student organisations
What did student political organisations at Berkeley do in response to restrictions placed on them by the university?
Form the organisation United Front to coordinate their activities and protest the new restrictions by the university - typically by breaking the new rules
When was United Front formed?
September 1964
When were Berkeley’s new rules implemented on student organisations?
September 1964
When did United Front change its name?
October 1964
Quote by Gerd-Rainer Horn about the influence of Berkeley students and the FSM internationally?
“an inspiration for social movements around the world”
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the FSM events of 1964 as being the catalyst for?
Protests against the Vietnam War across the rest of the US
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see as a good indicator of whether a student would take part of activism or not?
Their political ideology - “The more to the left a person’s political outlook, the more likely that person was to take to the streets”
Anotehr quote by Gerd-Rainer Horn about the international influence of US students of the FSM?
“American students served as role models for their European counterparts”
Where does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the most sustained series of protests happening in Western Europe between 1966-68?
At the Univeristy of Trento, in Trento, Italy
When was the University of Trento founded?
1962
What was the only subject students could take at the University of Trento and from where was the curriculum inspired?
Sociology, and the curriculum was modelled on the American curriculum
What was the University of Trento the first university in Italy to do?
Offer sociology as a degree
What did the Italian government announce in 1965?
That the sociology degree offerred by the University of Trento would not be of equal value compared to other degree courses
When does Gerd-Rainer Horn argue Italy’s 1968 began?
In 1966, with student movements at the University of Trento
What did students at Trento do in response to the devaluing of their degree?
They went to Rome to lobby members of parliament
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the events of Trento students as doing?
Teaching them that “Non-traditional forms of political action had scored a victory over politics as usual”
What did the Italian government do in response to student lobbying?
Backtracked and made the status of Trento sociology degrees equal to other degrees
What did students at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, in Milan, protest in November 1967?
A 50% increase in student fees
What did the students of the University of the Sacred Heart choose to do in protest of the student fees?
Occupy their university
What did the president of the University of the Sacred heart do in response to the protesting students?
Called the police to clear the occupied building
What did students at the University of Trento do in November 1967?
Go on strike in opposition to “all forms of authoritarianism including…the Italian state” - so they were called for societal changes, not just university ones
What did a protesting student at Trento say about what had influenced him?
“what the students at Berkeley had managed to create”
What does the police repression of the students at the University of the Sacred Heart represent?
The heavy handedness of an authroitarian state that students across the country began to oppose
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see happening to protesting Italian students after March 1968?
“the growing realization on the part of the student protestors that the conquest of universities alone would not usher in any significant radical changes” and “the gradual decline of student actions”
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn point out about the desires of a majority of Italian student during 1968?
That they were not willing to protest with other students against the state, meaning student protestors represented a minority of overall student numbers
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn say student movements and protests had managed to do by March 1968?
“to paralyse the entire system of higher education in the Italian state under the banner of total opposition to the existing structures of society and the state” - but this was as far as it could go
What does Arif Dirlik argue 1968 was not?
“some universal spirit”
How does Arif Dirlik describe 1968?
“coincidence in time”
How does Arif Dirlik see the movements of 1968 appearing as?
“an organized movement that transcended national and even continental boundaries”
What does Arif Dirlik say about the origins of the movements of 1968?
“the movements of 1968 had their own histories”
What does Arif Dirlik see 1968 as predominantly being?
“a year of student political upheaval”
How does the siginificance of students in 1968 signify a difference between the First/Second and the Third worlds according to Arif Dirlik?
“in most Third World cases students long had been participants in politics, and their activities had played an important part in national liberation struggles against colonialism”
How does Arif Dirlik see China in relation to 1968?
“it is exemplary of a Third World situation in which 1968 was a product of internally generated conflicts”
When was the Cultural Revolution in China officially?
1966-1969
What was the aim of the Cultural Revolution?
To rid China of capitalist and traditional Chinese societal elements in order to preserve communism
What does Arif Dirlik see as playing a significant part in the movements of 1968?
Mao Zedong’s Marxism
What was the appeal of Maoist Marxism according to Arif Dirlik?
It offered a new kind of communism other than the soviet, centralised, bureaucratic kind
When was the Tet Offensive launched?
January 1968