1960-1968

Question 1

Why did opposition increase from 1960-61?

Answer 1

The split of the PAC from the NAC divided resistance but helped mobilise more groups.
Pass laws triggered more protests.
Peaceful protests led to mass arrests and the kails and judicial system were overflowing.

Question 2

When did the Sharpeville Massacre happen?

Answer 2

March 21, 1960.

Question 3

When and why was a state of emergency declared?

Answer 3

March 30, 1960.
Due to increased protests and leadership feeling threatened.

Question 4

Which legislation banned the ANC and PAC in April 1960?

Answer 4

The Unlawful Organisations Act.

Question 5

What were some features of the state of emergency declared in 1960?

Answer 5

Public meetings were outlawed, the ANC and PAC were banned, and police arrested thousands of political opposition leaders without warrants under the Public Safety Act of d1953.

Question 6

Why did South Africa become a republic in 1961?

Answer 6

Because the National Party had run advocating for South Africa becoming a republic. But dealing with domestic matters (establishing apartheid) was the priority, so it only happened in 1961. The National Party also gradually renegotiated its relationship with Britain.

Question 7

When was the communist party banned in South Africa?

Answer 7

1950

Question 8

Why were trade relations between the UK, the US and South Africa maintained even after the Ladder became a republic?

Answer 8

Because the National Party was anti-communist, and so were the UK and the US. Additionally, trade relations and economic gains mattered more than the civil rights violations being committed in South Africa at the time.

Question 9

When did the ANC first call for economic sanctions on South Africa?

Answer 9

1959.

Question 10

When did the UN pass a resolution to ban South African imports and exports?

Answer 10

1962.

Question 11

When did the ANC decide to pursue armed struggle?

Answer 11

1961.

Question 12

What is MK / Spear of the Nation?

Answer 12

An independent military wing led by Mandela of the ANC and Joe Slowo of the communist party. The communists made financial and weapon contributions, but MK was not formally linked to either organisation.

Question 13

What is Poqo / the Azanian People’s Liberation Army?

Answer 13

Similar to MK but mainly among migrant workers, specifically miners. They publicised their killings and so the movement was used as an example of African savagery by politicians and media. They resorted to a guerrilla approach due to a lack of resources for a sustained armed struggle.

Question 14

What was the Rivonia trial and when did it happen?

Answer 14

It was the trial of Mandela and the MK leaders. They were imprisoned for life. It took place in 1963-64.

Question 15

Who was Oliver Tambo?

Answer 15

The leader of the ANC. He went into exile in 1960. He spoke before the UN and regularly met with leaders of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in London. He led efforts from exile to support the ANC and their goals in South Africa.

Question 16

Who was E. S. Reddy?

Answer 16

An Indian-born diplomat at the UN who led the anti-apartheid efforts.

Question 17

Name some examples of the sporting boycott.

Answer 17

South Africa was excluded from international football in 1963. They were banned from the 1970 Olympics and in 1956, the White South African Table Tennis Association was banned.

Question 18

Why was the sporting boycott so significant?

Answer 18

It created economic losses for South Africa due to not being able to participate and compete.
It was also humiliating to be excluded from global sporting events as a nation where sport was so important.

Question 19

Name some examples of the economic boycott.

Answer 19

1959 ‘Look at the Label’ campaign.
1980’s campaign to boycott South African textile and retail brands.
Economic sanctions.
‘Boycott Bandwagon’ of gold, tourism and coal.

Question 20

Name some examples of the cultural boycott.

Answer 20

It was initiated at the request of the ANC in the 1960s.
Sun City boycott by ‘Artists United Against Apartheid’.
1989 Cultural Boycott Policy Document published by the ANC.

Question 21

Which factors strengthened apartheid in the years 1960-68?

Answer 21

The economy grew quickly, and while white people benefitted the most, it helped black people as well.
The majority of black South Africans accepted apartheid briefly due to the effectiveness of policing.
B.J. Vorster became prime minister, he had been responsible for a lot of the legislation under which African leaders were detained and convicted.

Question 22

Which industries benefitted the most from the economic growth South Africa experienced in the 50s and 60s?

Answer 22

Agriculture and manufacturing.

Question 23

How did the attitude of the NP regarding black workers change during the 50s and 60s?

Answer 23

They acknowledged that the black majority was needed to run the country, especially to do the jobs white people did not want to do. So black people were allowed to do different jobs. They were still barred from certain jobs though.

Question 24

How did African women benefit from social change in the 50s and 60s?

Answer 24

They were allowed to work as housekeepers, in the informal sector or running small businesses. Positions for teaching and nursing also opened up. They were able to move away from the rural patriarchal societies.

Question 25

When was the first self-governing homeland established? Which one was it?

Answer 25

1963. Transkei.

Question 26

Why did South Africa become regionally isolated in the 60s?

Answer 26

Because it was surrounded by newly independent states who disagreed with apartheid and were reluctant to deal with the National Party.

Question 27

How did Vorster deal with South African isolation?

Answer 27

He reached out to multiple African countries offering trade relations, technical training and economic advice.

Question 28

What is the Terrorism Act of 1967?

Answer 28

A law that allowed the police to detain suspects indefinitely without trial.