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Bristory > 1951-64 > Flashcards

1951-64 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Britain achieve a nuclear weapon

A

1952

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2
Q

When was Butskellism coined and what did it mean

A

Coined in 1954

Referred to the concencus on economic policy between the chancellor, Butler and shadow chancellor, Gaitskell

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3
Q

Differences in economic policy under butskellism

A

Gaitskell preferred “tax and spend” while Butler tinkered with interest rates

Suggests more socialist approach from labour

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4
Q

Impact of suez crisis

A

Led to first ever anti war protests in Britain

Initial international run on sterling

Earned Britain international commdenation from the UN and US

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5
Q

When was the robbins report

A

1963

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6
Q

Impact of robbins report

A

Expanded universities
Twelve colleges of advanced technology given university status
Emphasise given to scientific education
Larger grants given to university students

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7
Q

When was the rent act

A

1957

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8
Q

Impact of the rent act

A

Abolished rent control

Put 6 million properties on the market

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9
Q

How did MacMillan affect housing

A

Rent act 1957 abolished rent control putting 6 million properties on market

Encouraged banks and building societies to increase number of mortgages given

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10
Q

When and what was the British nationality act

A

1948
Gave all commonwealth people ability to live and work in the UK

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11
Q

Issues caused by mass immigration

A

Caused pressure on housing stock, especially in urban areas

Pressure for jobs

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12
Q

Who was blamed for mass immigration and how is this shown

A

People of colour- large number of people from Caribbean moved to the UK

Lots of “no coloured” signs in boarding houses

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13
Q

When we’re the race riots and where

A

1958-59

London Bristol and Nottingham- major incident in Notting Hill where a mob of 600 white people attempted to break into black owner properties

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14
Q

Aftermaths of noting hill riots

A

Many white ringleaders given prison sentences

Discovered that many white rioters belonged to White Defence League

Solomon report commissioned

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15
Q

Results of Solomon report

A

Issues caused by
Sexual Jealousy of young white men
Anger of white people and immigrants being willing to undercut them for wages
Bitterness at rising rent prices, blamed on immigration
White “teddy boys” who used violence towards immigrants to become “local hero’s”

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16
Q

Issues with Solomon report and it’s influence

A

Approached the riots as a law and order issue, failing to make reference to racism
Put issue down to increased immigration

Led conservative gvmt to introduce Commonwealth Immigration Act to control immigration

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17
Q

What was the Commonwealth Immigration Act

A

Controlled immigration more tightly
Placed restrictions based on ethnic origin

Defeated part of its own purpose by causing a rush of immigration between the act being announced and passed

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18
Q

When was the Commonwealth Immigration Act

A

1962

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19
Q

What led to the youth subculture of the 1960s

A

Unwillingness of some children to accept the standards and values of their parents and grandparents

Growing affluence of society led to feelings of independence

Youth of 1960s escaping psychological trauma of war of previous generations

Scandals of the Establishment

Rise of satire

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20
Q

When was the Beeching report

A

1963

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21
Q

Impact of beechings report

A

Removed lots of existing train lines

Helped increase use of cars and lead automotive expansion

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22
Q

What was Macmillans approach to immigration controls

A

Opposed them, but lacked the political strength to resist

23
Q

How was Macmillian famously treated at the theatre

A

Actors cut into him publicaly, scale of which is previously unseen

24
Q

Impact of putting American missiles in Scotland

A

Drew the ire of Russia
Major protest- 12000 marched on Trafalgar Square
1/3rd of population opposed nuclear plans

25
Q

How did the availability of credit impact the economy

A

Allowed those on a regular wage to purchase at a level only previously achieved by the wealthy

Led to increase in consumption, and thus production increased, increasing the wages of the lower classes

26
Q

How did wages rise relative to price under MacMillan

A

Wages rose ahead of prices

27
Q

How did wages change between 1951 and 1964

A

£8 and 6 shillings in 1951, rising to £18 and 7 shillings in 1964

28
Q

Rate of unemployment in 1957

A

Under 2%

29
Q

What was budget politics and when did it occur

A

Budget politics is where budgets are used as political vote-winning weapobs

Used in 1959 and 1963 when tax cutting budgets were passed just before electrons when economic conditions suggested for other policy

30
Q

How did the balance of payments deficit arise

A

Increased consumer revenues from tax cuts and Decreased interest rates in 1963 caused foreign businesses to boom, leaving a balance of payments defecit

31
Q

Balance of payments deficit by 1964

A

Negative £800million by 1964

32
Q

What was “stop-go” economics

A

Macmillian was criticised for his inability to create a long term economic policy, leading to a cycle of raising and decreasing interest dates to control the economy

33
Q

What was stagflation

A

Stagflation is when the economy shows no growth, but inflation continues to grow

34
Q

Britains annual economic growth under Macmillan and how did this compare to other European nations

A

Britain- 2.3%
Italy, west Germany and France- all over 4.3%

35
Q

What helped to limit Britains economic growth

A

Defence spending- cost of naval bases and a nuclear weapons policy

40% of R&D budget on defence

36
Q

What was Macmillian attitude to colonialism

A

MacMillan believed that the only politically feasible and morally acceptable option to grand independence to those that wished for it

37
Q

What happened in Rhodesia

A

In Southern Rhodesia, modern Zimbabwe, the white settler community who held political power refused to adhere to the principles of majority rule and one person, one vote, believing that the black population would not be able to use it

This resulted in the international condemnation of Rhodesia and a civil war

38
Q

When did France veto Britains EEC membership

A

1963

39
Q

Why did France veto Britains EEC membership

A

The French were unhappy with the British economic ties to the commonwealth and believed this would violate the free trade principles of the EEC

Moreover, British involvement in the EEC would water down the power of the french and increases American power in Europe

40
Q

Why was Britains rejection from the EEC significant

A

Humiliated Britain on the international stage

Dampened relations with Europe and meant Britains eventual inclusion would be on worse terms

41
Q

When and what was the Vassal Inquiry

A

1963

Government forces to investigate the case of John Vassall, a civil servant spying for the Soviet Union
Rumours of a cover up to protect him, no evidence found

42
Q

Who was Kim Philby and why were they significant

A

Kim Philby was key foreign office official found to be running a Soviet spy network and fled to Moscow in January 1963

MacMillan revived lots of criticism for failing to spot traitor at heart of government

43
Q

What was the Argyll divorce case and why was it significant

A

In a court case after the divorce of the Duke and Dutchess of Argyll in 1963, the duke provided a list of people the dutchess had allegedly had relations with, including two government ministers.

One of these ministers allegedly appeared in a pornograohic film showed to the court

Judge described it as beyond doubt that she “engaged in disgusting sexual practices”

44
Q

When and what was the Profumo affair

A

March 1963

Reported that the Minister for War, John Profumo, had had relations with Christine Keeler, who was associated with members of Soviet government.

Profumo originally denied the allegations in parliament, before being forced to admit he lied, apologise to parliament and resign three months later

45
Q

How did MacMillan become accused of high societal issues

A

35/85 ministers related to Macmillian by marriage
All but 2 went to a grand private school
Series of high society affairs and scandals

Politics by clique had become common

46
Q

Two key principles of the Conservatives 1947 industrial charter

A

Opposition to Nationalism

Creation of a “mixed economy”

47
Q

Two key features of butskellism

A

Political concencus

Continuing expansion of welfare state

48
Q

How many homes per year did the Conservatives commit to building (1951)

A

300,000

49
Q

What caused the Suez Canal crisis

A

President of Egypt, Nasser, had been promised American loans to build a new Dam, but these loans were retracted, leaving Nasser to attempt to nationalise the canal

This angered Britain who owned 40% of the canal and saw it as key for oil supplies

Britain allied with France to put pressure on Egypt, but USSR blocked UN action

50
Q

Events of Suez crisis

A

Britain, France and Israel launched an attack on Egypt, starting with Israel attacking across the Gaza Strip on 29th October

Followed with an Anglo-French ultimatum on the 30th and attack on the 31st

51
Q

Why was the Suez Crisis significant

A

Angered UN and Americans as not involved in planning
Britain forced to use UN veto to avoid immediate ceasefire

USSR angry as West had previously been outraged at Soviet invasion of Hungary. On 5th November USSR threatened to use rockets to “restore peace in the Middle East through force” forcing Britain to back down

52
Q

Results of 1959 election

A

Conservative win

Majority 100

53
Q

When was the Obscene Publications Act

A

1959

Bristory (4 decks)

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