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A&P II > 19.5 WBCs > Flashcards

19.5 WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

WBCs AKA

A

leukocytes

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2
Q

two groups of leukocytes:

A
  1. granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

2. agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

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3
Q

4 characteristics of WBCs

A
  1. can migrate out of bloodstream
  2. capable of amoeboid movement
  3. attracted to specific chemical stimuli
  4. neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis
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4
Q

margination

A

adhering to vessel wall

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5
Q

emigration/diapedesis

A

squeezing between epithelial cells into surrounding tissue

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6
Q

positive chemotaxis

A

attraction to specific chemical stimuli

-guides WBCs to pathogens, damaged tissue, and other active WBCs

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7
Q

microphages

A

neutrophils & eosinophils

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8
Q

macrophages

A

monocytes that have moved out of bloodstream and become actively phagocytic

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9
Q

nonspecific defenses

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).. respond to variety of stimuli

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10
Q

specific defenses

A

lymphocytes.. attacks against specific types of invading pathogens or foreign proteins

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11
Q

neutrophils

-% of WBCs, AKA, appearance, characteristics, lifespan

A

70% of WBCs, AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

  • dense, segmented nuc w/ 2-5 lobes; pale granular cytoplasm
  • mobile, first to injury site, attack & digest “marked” bacteria
  • life span: 10 hours, dies after engulfing 1-2 dozen bacteria
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12
Q

neutrophil activity

A
  • engulfs bacteria, experiences “respiratory burst,” produces H2O2 and superoxide ions that kill bacteria
  • lysosomes: defensins kill, digestive enzymes break down
  • release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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13
Q

leukotrienes

A

attract more phagocytes

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14
Q

prostaglandins

A

increase permeability, contributing to inflammation, restricting spread of injury

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15
Q

eosinophils

-% of WBCs, AKA, appearance, characteristics

A

2-4% of WBCs, AKA acidophils

  • granules stain deep red, bilobed nuclei
  • attack objects coated in antibodies, primarily toxic compounds.. effective against parasites!!
  • sensitive to allergens, reduce inflammation
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16
Q

basophils

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics

A
  • 1% of WBCs
  • granules stain dark, smaller than neutrophils & eosinophils
  • discharge granules (contain histamine & heparin) at injury sites, enhance inflammation initiated by mast cells
  • release chems to attract eosinophils & basophils
17
Q

heparin

A

prevents blood clotting

18
Q

histamine

A

dilates blood vessels

19
Q

monocyte

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics

A
  • 2-8% WBCs
  • large! nearly 2x diameter of RBC. large kidney-shaped nucleus
  • becomes macrophage when it enters tissues. while active, release chems that attract neutrophils, monocytes, & other phagocytes. draw fibroblasts to area.
20
Q

lymphocytes

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics, classes

A
  • 20-30% WBCs
  • slightly larger than RBC, large round nuc w/ halo of cytoplasm
  • most are in connective tissues & lymphatic organs.. 3 classes: T cells, B cells, NK cells
21
Q

T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity (defense mechanism against invading foreign cells)

22
Q

B cells

A 
humoral immunity (defense mechanism involving production of antibodies)
-differentiate into Plasma cells when activated
23
Q

plasma cells

A

synthesize & secrete antibodies

24
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A 
immune surveillance (detection & destruction of abnormal cells)
-sometimes known as "large granular lymphocytes" ..important in preventing cancer
25
Q

differential count

A

number of each type of cell in a sample of 100 WBCs

26
Q

leukopenia

A

inadequate numbers of WBCs

-penia = “poverty”

27
Q

leukocytosis

A

excessive number of WBCs

-osis = too many

28
Q

leukemia

A

indicated by extreme leukocytosis

29
Q

progenitor cells

A

give rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes

30
Q

Which WBCs complete development in the red bone marrow?

A

granulocytes!

blast cells –> myelocytes –> band cells –> mature WBCs

31
Q

which WBC enters bloodstream before completing development?

A

monocytes (complete development when they become macrophages in peripheral tissues

32
Q

lymphocyte development

A

derived from lymphoid stem cells

  • in red blood marrow (or peripheral lymphatic tissue in spleen or lymph nodes), differentiate into B or NK cells
  • migrating to thymus, differentiate into T cells
33
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

process of lymphocyte production

34
Q

production of B and T cells in adults is regulated primarily by

A

exposure to antigens

35
Q

colony-stimulating factors

A

M-CSF: monocyte production
G-CSF: granulocyte production
GM-CSF: granulocyte & monocyte production
Multi-CSF: accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs

A&P II (10 decks)

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