19.3

Question 1

The autonomic nervous system includes the ___ and ___ NS.

Answer 1

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 2

In the SNS, ___ is the NT that activates ___.

Answer 2

Noradrenaline

Adrenoceptors

Question 3

In the PNS, ___ is the NT that activates ___.

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Muscarinic receptors.

Question 4

In the somatic NS, ___ is the NT that activates ___.

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

Nicotinic receptors.

Question 5

___ is the stimulus for release of neurotransmitters from synaptic terminals.

Answer 5

Calcium/Ca2+

Question 6

Inactivation of noradrenaline is by ___, and inactivation of acetylcholine is by ___.

Answer 6

Uptake to inactivate NAd.

Metabolism to inactive ACh.

Question 7

___ is the precursor to NAd

Answer 7

Tyrosine

Question 8

Metabolism is secondary to ___ as an inactivating mechanism.

Answer 8

Uptake

Question 9

The enzymes ___ and ___ are involved in the metabolism of NAd

Answer 9

MAO and COMT

Question 10

90-95% of NAd uptake is by the high affinity transporter on the ___-___ ___, and some of NAd uptake is by the low affinity transporter on the ___-___ ___.

Answer 10

High affinity transporter on pre-junctional neuron.

Low affinity transporter on post-junctional neuron.

Question 11

Cocaine inhibits uptake of ___ by inhibiting the ___ ___ ___ on the ___-junctional neuron.

Answer 11

NAd from synaptic cleft.

High affinity transporter on the pre-junctional neuron.

Question 12

Cocaine inhibits NAd ___, and amphetamine is a ___ - it displaces NAd from ___ ___.

Answer 12

Cocaine inhibits uptake.

Amphetamine is a sympathomimetic - displaces NAd from synaptic vesicles.

Question 13

For central effects, drugs must cross the ___.

Answer 13

BBB

Question 14

What effects can cocaine cause, due to inhibition of NAd uptake from the synapse?

Answer 14

Central AND peripheral effects!
Psychological and physical dependence (blocks dopamine and serotonin uptake too!!!) - psychotic symptoms, depression, anxiety, fatigue.
Hypetension, tachycardia, coronary vasospasm, dysrhythmia, convulsions.

Question 15

What functions is dopamine involved in?

Answer 15

Movement (e.g. Parkinson’s disease).
Behaviour (e.g. schizophrenia).
Dependence (effects in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area).
Pituitary function - prolactin secretion!

Question 16

Cocaine blocks the uptake of NAd, AND ___ AND ___, and blocks ___ channels

Answer 16

NAd, AND dopamine and serotonin!
Dopamine -> dependence.
Blocks Na+ channels.

Question 17

NT receptors in the CNS can be ___-___ ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 17

Ligand-gated ion channels.

G protein coupled receptors.

Question 18

Excitatory ligand-gated ion channels use ___ influx driven ___polarisation for excitation.

Answer 18

Na+ influx for depolarisation e.g. nicotininc receptors at skeletal NMJ.

Question 19

Inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels use ___ influx driven ___polarisation for inhibition.

Answer 19

Cl- influx for hyperpolarisation e.g. GABA A.