19 Tumours of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards
How common are vulval cancers?
Uncommon (3% all female cancers)
Tend to arise in older patients
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/178/924/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575970904)
What types of vulval cancer are there? (4)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/019/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971033)
What clincal feastures might you get for a vulval cancer?
Lumps
Ulceration
Skin changes
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/117/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971132)
What is shown in the following histology?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/282/q_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971346)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/282/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971304)
What is vulval intraepithelial neoplasia? (VIN)
In situ precursor of vulval squamous cell carcinoma
Atypical cells- no invasion through basement membrane
May or may not develop into squamous cell carcinoma
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/373/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971537)
Are vulval squamous cell carcinomas (and VIN) linked to HPV?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/561/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971691)
How does vulval cancer spread?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/179/630/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575971826)
Fill in the missing labels for a pre-menarchal cervix:
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/180/111/q_image_thumb.jpeg?1575972024)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/180/111/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575972048)
What happens to the cells around the external os as a woman enter reproductive age?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/180/152/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575972219)
Give 2 high risk subtypes for HPV (human papilloma virus) and 2 low risk subtypes:
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/180/261/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575972338)
How does HPV (16 and 17) increase someones risk of neoplasia? (think viral proteins and tumour supressor genes)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/180/329/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575972507)
What is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia? (analogous to VIN)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/031/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575974573)
What are the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma?
- HPV exposure
- Eg early first age sexual intercourse, multiple partners
- Early first pregnancy
- Multile births
- Smoking
- Low socioeconomic status
- Immunosuppression
How is CIN staged?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/339/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575974796)
How is CIN treated? (screening- smear)
CIN 1- follow up with cervical smear- 1 year
CIN 2 & 3- treatment- large loop excision of transformation zone
How is cervical cancer screened for?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/423/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575974938)
Can HPV be vaccinated against?
Yes gardasil- age 12-13
(protects from cervical, vulval, oral, anal cancers)
What are the 2 types of invasive cell carcinoma?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/509/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575975698)
How might an invasive cell carcinoma present?
- Bleeding:
- post coital
- inter menstrual
- post menopausal
- Mass
- (seen on screening)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/922/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575975781)
How does invasive cervical cancer spread?
Pelvic side wall –> rectum / bladder
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/182/956/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575975962)
How is invasive cervical cancer treated if advanced?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/296/183/037/a_image_thumb.jpeg?1575976101)