19. Structure and Function of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of total extracellular fluid?

What are the percentage consitiuents of plasma and their jobs?

A

20%

90% H2O (solvent, lubricant, cushion, heat dissapator), 2% glucose + salts, 8% protein (albumin (60% - transport and oncotic pressure), globulin (36%, immune), fibrinogin (4%, blood homeostasis)).

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2
Q

Label A-C (with percentages)

A

A: plasma 55% (water 90%, solutes 10%)

B: erythrocytes (45%)

C: Leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets)

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3
Q

List the ions found in blood plasma. What does the electrolye balance do?

How does blood work as a buffer (equation)?

A

Inorganic = K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, bicarbonate, phosphate. Balance maintains BP and supports heart and muscle contraction. Also dissolved CO2 as carbonic acid, H and bicarbonate ions/bound to amino groups of proteins inc. Hb (pH maintenance)

H+ + CO3- -> (<-) H2CO3 -> (<-) CO2 + H2O

Metabolic processes prod H+, buffered by excess HCO3- and CO2 = prevents acidosis. Also histadine residues in free Hb and bind H+

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of plasma proteins?

What does plasma carry?

A
  1. Inflammatory response - e.g. complement proteins and cytokines
  2. Protection from infection - Abs
  3. Clot formation - fibrinogen -> fibrin
  4. Intravascular osmotic effect - albumin

Nutrients, waste, hormones, chemicals (e.g. drugs), free or protein bound

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5
Q

What are the functions of blood?

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Where is blood made, and why is it thicker there?

A

(Specialist CT) O2, immunity, transport, pH, temperature, H2O transport

RBC, WBC, platelets (thrombocytes)

In bone marrow (thicker there b/c still has nucleus)

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6
Q

What kind of cells are in A and B and what is the difference between them?

A

Blood cells.

A: in bone marrow, thicker b/c nuclei present, more viscous

B: in blood, more fluid

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7
Q

Label A-E in blood cell development

A

A: myeloid SC

B: myeloblast

C: lymphoid SC

D: megakariocyte

E: lymphoblast

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8
Q

How many RBC are made per second?

What is the main control of their production?

What is Hb made up of?

How does it interact with O2?

A

2mill/s

Erythropoietin

Tetramer, 4 globin chains: 2 alpha and 2 beta, haeme group.

O2 binds to haeme, changes alpha and beta coformation. H+, CO2 and 2,3 DPG promotes O2 release in tissues - bohr effect

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9
Q

What is anaemia? What are the male and female values for it?

Describe the body’s response to anaemia.

List some signs and symptoms of anaemia.

A

Low Hb concentration from decreased production or increased loss. Not diagnosis - always a cause. Hb <130g/l (male) <115g/l (female)

Anaemia -> reduced O2 supply to kidney -> increases erythropoetin (hormone) -> increases RBC production by bone marrow

Signs: pale, tachycardic, renal hemorrhage, systolic murmur, heart failure. Symptoms: tireness, SoB, palpitations

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of anaemia? (Give values and reasos for each)

A
  1. microcytic (<80fL) - Fe deficiency, thalassemia
  2. normocytic (80-100fL) - blood loss, leukaemia, sickle cell, renal failure
  3. macrocytic (>100fL) - B12 deficiency, alcohol, liver disease

NB: ususally Fe deficient - infection, mensturation, growth, pregnancy, GI loss e.g IBC, cancer

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11
Q

Label cell A. What is happening in B?

A

A: platelets

B: platelets budding off

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12
Q

What are platelets?

Describe haemostasis.

Define thrombocytopenia and haemophilia

A

Small circulating fragments of megakaryocytes from bone marrow. 10 day life span. 1 mill prod /s

Platelets form plug, clotting proteins e.g. fibrinogen produce thrombus.

Low platelet levels, can cause bleeding and bruising.

Low clotting factors

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13
Q

Describe the 5 types of WBC

A

1. neutrophils - 2-4 lobes, most common, 1 mill/s made, engulf, neutrophilia (increases in infection/inflammation/hemorrhage), neuropenia (decreases in spesis/HIV/bone marrow failure e.g. leukemia/B12 deficiency)

2. eosinophils - bilobed nucleus, bright orange granules, increases in parasitic worm diseases, asthma, eczema, produced cytokines

3. basophils - 2-3 lobes, large blue granules contain histamine

1, 2 and 3 are GRANULOCYTES

4. monocytes - kidey shaped nucleus, similar function to myeloid cells, become macrophages - ingest foreign microbe, processes and presents its antigens to a T-cell, increases in chronic viral infections

5. lymphocytes - small, dense, few granules, T-cells (coordinate immune response), B-cells (prod Abs), NK cells (viral and tumor immunity), increases in viral infections, life = 1 week-100yrs

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14
Q

Label cells A-E

A

A: neutrophil

B: eosinophil

C: basophil

D: monocyte

E: lymphocyte

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15
Q

Bone marrow failute affects all three types of blood cells. What are the signs and symptoms, and the causes?

A

Fatigue, bleeding, infections death. From e.g. leukemia, aplastic anaemia, chemotherapy, toxins, B12 deficiency.

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16
Q

Describe the 3 ways of detecting haematological problems.

A
  1. FBC: RBC (absolute number and cell size), Hb (amount in blood/in RBC), cell/plasma components, platelets (absolute number), EBC (WCC)
  2. blood films (if abnormal FBC, on glass, examine cell morphology)
  3. bone marrow biopsy