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NE Exam 2 > 19: Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

19: Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate and aspartate: nt vs AA

A

Metabolic and transmitter pools are kept strictly separate

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2
Q

What does NMDA stand for?

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate

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3
Q

Is NMDA ligand or voltage gated?

A

Both - Mg makes it ligand gated

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4
Q

Epsp of NMDA receptor vs non-NMDA

A

NMDA: longer latency and duration

Non-NMDA: relatively short onset and duration

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5
Q

Two types of non-NMDA receptors

A

AMPA, Kainate

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6
Q

Kainate receptor

A

Allows some Ca influx as well

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7
Q

Modulatory site on AMPA receptor

A

For benzos, decreases amount of Na that can enter

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8
Q

What happens in areas where there are both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors?

A
  1. EAA binds both receptor types, opening both channels
  2. Na flows in non-NMDA channels, but is blocked from NMDA by Mg
  3. Epsp from non-NMDA -> depol
  4. Mg leaves due to depol
  5. Ca can enter NMDA -> longer lasting epsp
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9
Q

EAAs in high doses

A

Cause damage/toxicity

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10
Q

EAA uptake by glial cells

A

In glial cell, turns into glutamine, is released back into synaptic cleft for Reuptake and recycling by pre-synaptic cell

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11
Q

Does EAA uptake by glial cells require energy?

A

Yes, requires ATP

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12
Q

What happens when Ca enters a cell via NMDA receptor?

A

Activates calcineurin -> activates NOS -> forms NO

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13
Q

Which cell types can NO act on?

A

Pre and post synaptic - its lipid soluble so it diffuses through synaptic cleft

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14
Q

NO functions

A

Memory, CV and respiratory control, immunologic fxs, potent vasodilator

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15
Q

Downside of NO

A

Very unstable with a 5 second half life, produces free radicals

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16
Q

monoamine class

A

All nts created by modifying a single AA

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17
Q

Rate limiting step of Tyrosine -> epi

A

Tyrosine -> L-dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase

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18
Q

What enzyme converts norep to epi

A

PNMT

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19
Q

VMAT1 and 2

A

Vesicular monoamine transporters to move epi into vesicles

20
Q

Reserpine

A

Inhibits VMAT 1 and 2

21
Q

MAO

A

Monoamine oxidase, on mito surface

22
Q

COMT

A

Catechol-o-methyl transferase

23
Q

Polymorphisms in COMT

A

Increased risk of depression and anxiety

24
Q

What does 5HT stand for

A

5-hydroxy-tryptophan

25
Q

DAO

A

Diamine oxidase

26
Q

What does GABA stand for

A

y-amino butyric acid

27
Q

Protein that moves GABA into vesicles and those that remove GABA from synapse

A

VGAT: into vesicles
GAT: removed from synapse

28
Q

GAT1 vs GAT2 location

A

GAT1: presynaptic terminal
GAT2: glial cells around synapse

29
Q

What happens if GAT2 takes up GABA

A

Converted to glutamine and released into ECF for recycling

30
Q

Benzos, EtOH, and steroid affect on GABA A receptors

A

Potentiate its action -> bigger ipsp’s

31
Q

Extra-synaptic GABA A receptors

A

Possible site of action for many general anesthetics, like propofol

32
Q

Pre- vs post synaptic GABA B receptors

A

Pre: regulates nt release
Post: inhibits post-synaptic cell

33
Q

What do ethanol, general anesthetics, and strychnine do to glycine receptor?

A

Ethanol and general anesthetics: potentiate

Strychnine: blocks it

34
Q

What protein stores ATP into vesicles

A

VNUT

35
Q

Where does ATP break down into ADP and then adenosine?

A

In synaptic cleft

36
Q

What does the word endorphins come form

A

Endogenous morphines

37
Q

Examples of peptide transmitters

A

Opioids, tachykinins, cholecystokinin, somatostatin

38
Q

What does pro-opiomelanocorinin form?

A

B-endorphins

39
Q

Formation of all peptide nts, including opioids

A

Standard protein synthesis in soma, transported down axon via fast axonal transport

40
Q

What are endocannabinoids derived from?

A

Membrane lipid arachidonic acid

41
Q

What is a major source of arachidonic acid in the brain?

A

2AG

42
Q

Where are CB1s located?

A

CNS neurons, largely presynaptic of neurons that release EAA and GABA

43
Q

Which receptor has 99% homologs with rat version, and is likely a critical receptor

A

CB1

44
Q

Polymorphisms in CB1

A

Obesity, ADHD, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson’s

45
Q

FAAH

A

FA amide hydrolase, breaks down anandamide

46
Q

MAGL

A

Mono-acyl glycerol lipase, breaks down 2AG

47
Q

Two enzymes that oxidize/break down endocannabinoids

A

Cyclo-oxygenase, lipoxygenase

NE Exam 2 (20 decks)

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