19-5 A&P Flashcards
what are the organs of the female reproductive system
ovaries
fallopian tubes (uterine tubes or oviducts)
uterus
vagina
external organs: vulva and pudendum
mammary glands
what are the paired organs that produce secondary oocytes, also known as egg receptacles called in the female reproductive system
ovaries
what term refers to the external genitals of the female
vulva or pudendum
what female reproductive organ arise from the same embryonic tissue as testes in men
ovaries
what type of tissue covers the surface of the ovaries
germinal epithelium
what is the ovarian cortex
a region of dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles
where are ovarian follicles located
in the ovarian cortex
what is the mature follicle called
graafian
what is the large fluid filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a secondary oocyte known as
graafian (mature follicle)
what does the ovulated follicle develop into
corpus luteum (yellow body)
what hormones does the corpus luteum (yellow body) produce
progesterone
estrogen
relaxin
inhibin
what does the corpus luteum turn into once it degenerates
corpus albicans (white body)
what layer of the ovaries consist of loose connective tissue, and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
ovarian medulla
what female reproductive organ is responsible for transporting the secondary oocyte from the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
what is the open funnel shaped end of each fallopian tube called
infundibulum
what are the fingerlike projections located at the end of the infundibulum called
fimbriae
where does the usual site of fertilization take place
in the fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
when does fertilization occur
any time up to 24 hours after ovulation
how long does it take for the fertilized ovum (zygote) to descend into the uterus
7 days
what female reproductive organ is known as the womb
uterus
where is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum
uterus
what is the source of menstrual flow
the uterus, when implantation does not occur
what are the three parts of the uterus
fundus
body
cervix
what is the interior of the body of the uterus called
uterine cavity
what is the middle muscular layer of the uterus called
myometrium
what type of muscle does the myometrium consist of
smooth muscle
what is the innermost part of the uterine wall called
endometrium
which layer of the uterus is responsible for nourishing a growing fetus
endometrium
what layer of the uterus is shed each month during menstruation if fertilization does not occur
endometrium
what is the tubular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
vagina
what is the area that surrounds the cervix
fornix
where in the vagina are the large stores of glycogen located
in the mucosa
what must be decomposed in order for the production of organic acids in the vagina to take place
glycogen
what is the thin fold of mucous membrane partially covering the vaginal orifice or vaginal opening called
hymen
what is the diamond shaped area between the thighs and buttocks called
perineum
what is the area called that contains the external genitals and anus of both males and females
perineum
what is the mons pubis
an elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse hair
what provides cushion to the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
what are the two longitudinal folds of skin from the mons pubis that extends down and back
labia majora
what female reproductive organ is developed from the same embryonic tissue as the scrotum in males
labia majora
what does the labia major contain
adipose tissue
sebaceous glands (oil)
sudoriferous glands (sweat)
Hair
which of the external female genitals are covered by hair
mons pubis
labia majora
which external genitals of the female does not contain pubic hair
labia minora
what is the difference between labia majora and labia minora
labia majora:
- pubic hair
- adipose tissue
- sebaceous (oil) glands
- sudoriferous (sweat) glands
labia minora:
- does not contain pubic hair
- does not contain adipose tissue
- have few sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- numerous sebaceous (oil) glands
where is the clitoris located
at the anterior junction of the labia minora
what is a small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves
clitoris
what covers the body of the clitoris
prepuce or foreskin
what is the exposed portion of the clitoris called
glans
what is the region between the labia minora called
vestibule
what is located in the vestibule
- hymen
- vaginal orifice
- external urethra orifice
- paraurethral glands (skene)
what female reproductive organ develops from the same embryonic tissue as the prostate in males and is responsible for secreting mucus
paraurethral glands (skene glands)
what is the function of the greater vestibular glands (bartholin glands)
- produce mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse
- provides lubrication
bartholin glands in the female reproductive organs are equivalent to which male reproductive organ
bulbourethral glands
what type of glands are mammary glands
modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk
what is the pigmented projection of the breast
nipple
what is the circular pigmented area of skin that surrounds the nipple called
areola
what type of gland produce milk
modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands
what type of glands are found in the areola
modified sebaceous (oil) glands
why does the areola appear rough
because it contains modified sebaceous (oil) glands
how many lobes does each mammary gland consist of
15 to 20
how are the 15 to 20 lobes in the mammary glands arranged
radially
what are the lobes in the mammary glands separated by
adipose tissue and suspensory ligaments (cooper’s ligaments)
what ligaments provide support to the breast
cooper’s ligaments
what are the milk secreting glands called and where are they found
- alveoli
- found in the smaller lobules of each lobe
what two hormones are responsible for breast development
- estrogen
- progesterone
what is the function of mammary glands
- synthesis of milk
- secretion of milk
- ejection of milk
what is another name for the function of mammary glands
lactation
what major hormone is responsible for the production (synthesis) of milk
prolactin
(estrogen and progesterone contribute as well)
what hormone stimulates the ejection of milk
oxytocin
where is oxytocin released from
POSTERIOR pituitary gland
where is prolactin released from
anterior pituitary
what is the formation and development of gametes in females
oogenesis
what hormone controls the ovarian and uterine cycles
GnRH
the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by the release of which hormone
GnRH
which hormone is responsible for initiating follicle growth and the secretion of estrogen from the growing follicles
FSH
what hormone stimulates further development of follicle growth
LH
which hormone triggers ovulation and promotes the formation of the corpus luteum
LH
which hormones does the corpus luteum produce and secrete
- estrogen
- progesterone
- inhibin
- relaxin
what are the functions of estrogen
- promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and mammary glands
- stimulate protein synthesis
- lowers blood cholesterol levels
what are the secondary sex characteristics in females
- distribution of adipose tissue in the breast, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips
- broad pelvis
- pattern of hair growth on the head and body
what hormone along with estrogen is responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum
progesterone
what hormone is responsible for preparing the mammary glands for milk secretion
progesterone
what hormone produced by the corpus luteum is responsible for inhibiting contractions of the myometrium
relaxin
during pregnancy what hormone does the placenta produce
relaxin, to continue to relax the uterine smooth muscles
what hormone increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix
relaxin
what hormone is released to ease the delivery of the baby
relaxin
when is inhibin secreted
secreted after ovulation by the growing follicles and corpus luteum
what is the duration of the female reproductive cycle
28 days
the female reproductive cycle varies from ____ to ____ days
24 to 36 days
what are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle
- phase 1: menstrual phase
- phase 2: pre ovulatory phase
- phase 3: ovulation
- phase 4: post ovulatory phase
how long does the menstrual phase last
first 5 days
what marks the first day of a new cycle
the first day of menstruation
what occurs in the ovaries during menstrual phase
ovarian follicles grow and enlarge
how many mL of blood does menstrual flow consist of
50 - 150mL
the declining levels of what two hormones cause the uterine arteries to constrict
- progesterone
- estrogen
which layer of the uterus sloughs off during menstrual phase due to the lack of oxygen
endometrium
what phase of the female reproductive cycle accounts for the most variation in cycle length
pre ovulatory phase
What days does the pre ovulatory phase occur
Day 6 to day 13
what events are taking place in the ovaries during pre ovulatory phase
- follicles continue to grow and begin to secrete estrogen and inhibin
- by day 6, a single follicle becomes the dominant follicle
- dominant follicle secretes estrogen and inhibin (which decreases the secretion of FSH)
- dominant follicle becomes graafian follicle
- LH surge
what is the term for the menstrual phase and pre ovulatory phase together
follicular phase
what events are taking place in the uterus during pre ovulatory phase
- estrogen stimulates the repair of the endometrium
- endometrium thickens
in which phase of the female reproductive cycle does the endometrium repair, endometrial thickens, and short, strait endometrial glands develop, and arterioles coil and lengthens
pre ovulatory phase
what is the rupture of the graafian follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte called
ovulation
what day does ovulation occur
day 14
what is the most constant phase of the female reproductive cycle
post ovulatory phase
how long does the post ovulatory phase last
14 days (from day 15 to day 28)
2 weeks
how long does the corpus luteum last if it is not fertilized
2 weeks
what hormone is produced by the embryo
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
hCG is produced after how many days of fertilization
8 days after fertilization
what hormone is detected by the home pregnancy test
hCG
what test can be used to predict ovulation a day in advanced
over the counter home test that detects LH surge
