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History USA > 1877 - 1890 - The Gilded Age > Flashcards

1877 - 1890 - The Gilded Age Flashcards

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1
Q

Spoils System

A

Political party awards government jobs to voters rather than awarding them based on merit.

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2
Q

Four Presidents of the Gilded Age

A
  • Rutherford Hayes
  • James Garfield
  • Chester Arthur
  • Grover Cleveland
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3
Q

Hayes vs. Civil Service Reform?

A
  • Was determined to reform the civil service, and award jobs by merit
  • Annoyed those who favoured the spoils system, who fought against reform
  • Couldn’t convince congress to outlaw the spoils system
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4
Q

Railroad strike of 1877

A
  • Railroad companies cut wages several times, leading to a strike
  • Hayes was prepared to send federal troops to support business leaders
  • Established principle of federal support for industry over employees
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5
Q

Garfield successes

A
  • Strengthened federal authority over the New York custom house.
  • Changed the lineup of the NY custom house.
  • Forced the resignation of a ringleader in corruption of the Post Office.
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6
Q

Pendleton Act - When and what?

A
  • 1883
  • Begun professional handling of civil service
  • Called for a merit based system
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7
Q

Who was the first Democrat president after the Civil War?

A

Grover Cleveland

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8
Q

Garfield Presidency

A

1881 (Assassinated in September)

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9
Q

Cleveland won the 1885 election by how many votes?

A

25,000 out of 10 Million

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10
Q

Who were the Mugwumps?

A
  • 1884
  • Group of republican supporters dissatisfied with the corruption in government.
  • Begun to support opposition candidate Cleveland instead of their own.
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11
Q

Cleveland’s successes

A
  • Took merit based approach to appointment of Civil service jobs
  • Said he wouldn’t fire any republican who was doing their job well, and wouldn’t appoint anyone based solely on party loyalty.
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12
Q

Cleveland failings

A
  • Believed in very little federal gov. intervention
  • Vetoed 100’s of bills because he didn’t want to undermine State government decisions
  • In 1887 he vetoed Texas Seed Bill, by which congress would’ve given $10,000 worth of seed grain to the drought stricken farmers
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13
Q

What is Laissez Faire?

A

Belief that economies function most efficiently with no government interference

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14
Q

What rate was the American economy growing at in 1880’s?

A

3.8%

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15
Q

Social darwinism justified the Robber barons methods. What is social darwinism?

A
  • Survival of the fittest in a social aspect.

- Stated that economic superiority was natural,

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16
Q

How was Andrew Carnegie a nice guy?

A
  • Prepared to help those who helped themselves
  • Donated money to universities, hospitals.
  • Set up free libraries
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17
Q

Two ‘robber barons’

A

Andrew Carnegie - Steel

Rockefeller - Oil

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18
Q

What was a robber baron?

A

An Individual who dominated American industry through ruthless and unscrupulous business methods

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19
Q

Why were robber barons so successful?

A

No government regulations in industry, so they could do whatever they wanted to make money.
Exploited their workforce.

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20
Q

In what way were robber barons a good thing?

A

Whilst the benefits of industrialisation were shared unequally in society, this inequality boosted economic growth which eventually led to better lives for most Americans

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21
Q

National Railroad Strike 1877

A
  • Violence was worst in Pittsburgh, where troops eventually fired into rioting crowds, killing 25.
  • Strike failed when military came to restore order
  • Workers saw they had to unite to build stronger unions
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22
Q

Knights of Labour founded

A

1869

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23
Q

How many members did the Knights of Labour have in 1885?

A

100,000 members

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24
Q

A success for the Knights of Labour?

A
  • Wabash Railroad tried to break a local union
  • The Knights walked out in sympathy and within days the entire Southwest was paralysed.
  • Wabash was forced to negotiate with workers
25
Q

Why did the Knights of Labour decline?

A
  • Too many people joined, so too many people tried to initiate action, so rarely could the whole group join in.
  • After the Haymarket square strike rally turned violent, the Knights were blamed most due to their size and visibility
26
Q

What directly led to the Haymarket bomb outrage?

A
  • May 1886
  • During a strike at McCormick Harvester Works in Chicago, violence broke out between strikers and strikebreakers protected by the police.
  • Police fired into the crowd, killing several.
27
Q

What happened during the Haymarket bomb outrage?

A
  • After the police shot into the crowd of strikers at the Harvester works. ‘Black International’, a revolutionary organisation called a meeting in Haymarket square.
  • The meeting started peacefully, but as the crowd dispersed someone threw a bomb, killing a policeman .
  • Police retaliated by firing into the crowd, wounding over 100
28
Q

When was the American federation of Labour set up?

A

1885

29
Q

Sole two aims of the American federation of labour

A
  • Higher wages

- Shorter workday

30
Q

How many immigrants came to the US during the Gilded Age?

A

10 Million

31
Q

Push factors for immigrants

A
  • Overcrowding and unemployment in European cities
  • Economic depression in Britain
  • Jews fled anti-semitic persecution in Russia
32
Q

Pull factors for immigrants

A

Propaganda from Steamship companies, railroads and state bureaus, all exaggerating the wages and promising low costs for travel to US

33
Q

How much of the industrial workforce was of foreign birth in 1890

A

56%

34
Q

Why did labour unions oppose immigration?

A

Because it caused competition for jobs

35
Q

Date of the Chinese exclusion act, (which prohibited Chinese labourers from entering the US).

A

1882

36
Q

What was Nativism?

A

Policy of protecting the interests of native-born people over those of immigrants

37
Q

Why was immigration beginning to be a lasting problem during the Gilded age?

A
  • Overcrowding, depressed wages.

- People could no longer escape west because there was now a lack of available land

38
Q

What were Sharecroppers?

A

People, typically AA’s who were lent land in return for a portion of the produce of that land

39
Q

What % of AA’s owned their own land by 1910?

A

25%

40
Q

Where was the first black ghetto

A

Harlem, NYC

41
Q

Jim Crow laws developed rapidly between the years….

A

1887 and 1891

42
Q

By 1895 how many states had civil rights legislation.

A

17 states, although it was very poorly enforced

43
Q

What was the attitude of Cleveland and Arthur to AA’s

A

Both had little interest in AA equality, and didn’t want to offend the white south

44
Q

By 1910, how were almost all AA’s prevented from voting in the south.

A

Voting discrimination was decided by property ownership, average income or literacy.

45
Q

In the period following reconstruction, was there an increasing or declining interest in the rights of AA’s?

A

There appeared to be a declining interest in African Americans

46
Q

How many AA’s were lynched between 1882 and 1899?

A

Over 2500 people

47
Q

The number of black students in education doubled between the years….

A

1877 and 1887

48
Q

What was the idea of Americanisation?

A

Teaching Native Americans English, Farming and Christianity

49
Q

Dawes act - What and when?

A
  • 1887
  • Each head of NA family could receive 160 acres
  • After 25 years the family would be granted US citizenship
50
Q

What did the 1891 amendment to the Dawes act do?

A
  • Decreased the acreage to just 80 acres

- After this conditions on the reservations deteriorated rapidly

51
Q

Date of the massacre at Wounded Knee

A

1890

52
Q

By 1900 how many of the 240,000 Native Americans who had inhabited the plains 1865 remained?

A

Only 100,000 remained

53
Q

Why were there calls for Naval expansion?

A
  • To guarantee America’s status as a world power

- A report found that only 42 out of 140 US ships were operational, with only 17 steamships.

54
Q

When was the Hawaiian naval base of Pearl Harbour established?

A

1887

55
Q

Why did the idea of open ranges fail?

A

Two severe winters between 1885 and 1887, and a summer drought.

56
Q

When was westward expansion officially declared over?

A
  • 1890
  • US Census Bureau declared there was no longer a frontier
  • For the first time there was now no local unsettled land, this lead to expansionism
57
Q

By the 1890’s there were how many transcontinental railway lines?

A

5

58
Q

Results of the expanded agriculture in the west…

A

Wheat production increased from 211 million bushels in 1867 to 599 million bushels in 1900

59
Q

When did American politicians begin expressing interest in Latin America

A

1880’s

History USA (9 decks)

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