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History- Britain Y2 > 1832-1846- Pressure for Change > Flashcards

1832-1846- Pressure for Change Flashcards

1
Q

Whig Reforms

A

;)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Whig reforms?

A
  • From liberal minded aristocracy
  • Have commercial and manufacturers interests
  • Tailored now to middle class professionals
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3
Q

What did the Whigs intend for reforms?

A
  • Measure amount of reforms
  • Maintain status quo
  • Response to some pressure for change
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4
Q

What was the significance of Whig reforms overall?

A
  • Set precedent for welfare + education of children
  • Increasing help for the pooe
  • Some recognition of human rights, e.g. AOS everyone deserves some degree
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5
Q

What are the 5 main Whig reforms in the 1830s?

A
  1. The Great Reform Act 1832
  2. Althorp´s Factory Act 1833
  3. Education Grant 1833
  4. Abolition of Slavery 1834
  5. Municipal Corporations Act 1835
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6
Q

What were the reasons for Althorp’s Factory Act 1833?

A

FILL IN

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7
Q

What were the details of the 1832 Great Reform Act?

A
  • 20% of adult men can vote
  • 7% of population
  • 56 rotten boroughs abolished
  • 22 new boroughs (e.g. Manchester, Birmingham)
  • New rentable value franchise threshold, e.g. £10 RV in boroughs, £50 RV in county
  • 1832 registry to vote introduced
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8
Q

What was the impact of the 1832 GRA?

A
  • Later reforms acts introduced
  • But, many elections still uncontested, aristocracy dominate counties
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9
Q

What were the reasons for Althorp’s Factory Act 1833?

A
  • Previous 1819 attempt at regulation seen as ineffective
  • Tory paternalists= Richard Oastler, Michael Sadler, Lord Ashley that rich have responsibility to protect the poor
    1. Oastler’s famous “Yorkshire slavery” letter appeared in Leeds Mercury 1830
    2. Short time committees set up in Lancaster + Yorkshire for this issue
    3. Michael Sadler MP then Lord Ashley take up issue and he introduces Bill
    4. Whig gov set aside his bill, royal commission advised
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10
Q

What were the details of Althorp’s Factory Act 1833?

A
  • No children under 9 can vote
  • Children working hours limited to 12 hours 13-18, 9-13 8hrs
  • Compulsory 2hr education for children
  • 4 inspectors for the country for Factories
  • Reports and fines for factories
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11
Q

What was the Impact of Althorp’s Factory Act 1833?

A
  • childrens working hours reduced, good
  • 600 fines issued yearly
  • Filing reports, library of evidence
  • Inspections in larger mills, abuses in smaller ones
  • Implimented shifts, no tangible impact
  • no birth certificates, couldnt prove ages
  • education ineffective
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12
Q

What were the reasons for the Education Grant of 1833?

A
  • 1/3 of children never attended school
  • factory reform, showed importance of child education
  • humanitarian sentiment, afraid of uneducated people in large industrial towns
  • 1830s political disturbances, PSs teaching editions materials, church school ‘safe’
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13
Q

What were the terms of the Education Grant of 1833?

A
  • £20,000 grant
  • disbursements to religious schools who could raise half the amount
  • rejected state education
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14
Q

What was the impact of the Education Grant?

A
  • mostly went to Anglican school, 3/4 Anglican
  • most schools couldn’t reach half the amount
  • but grant later raised to £30,000
  • Meant school inspectors were introduced in 1846 (but 5/7 of them clergy)
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15
Q

What were the reasons for the abolition of slavery?

A
  • 1787 SEAOTST, campaigners like Sharp and Clarkson
  • Evangelicals in parliament, Wilberforce
  • Former slaves auto-biographies- Cugoano and Equiano
  • Rejection of Gradualism from 1820s
  • 1830s rebellion in Jamaica, costly to maintain slavery
  • 1832 election, Whigs in power and 1/2 of planters lost their seats
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16
Q

What were the details of the Abolition of Slavery?

A
  • 670,000 slaves given their freedom
  • slaves meant to serve apprenticeships of up to 7yrs, ease transition from slave economy to wage one.
  • £20 million in compensation to former slave owners.
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17
Q

What was the impact of the Abolition of Slavery?

A
  • former slaves live in poverty
  • sets precedent, basic human rights
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18
Q

What were the reasons for the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835?

A
  • governing of towns inefficient, unsatisfactory investigation
  • 186 of boroughs- only corporations could vote (fixed. local laws and taxes, less rights for rate payers)
  • many new industrial cities had not been recognised (worsened by cholera epidemic)
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19
Q

What were the details of the Municipal Corporations Act?

A
  • all male rate payers can vote in local corporations
  • councils elected every 3yrs
  • had to apply to be a borough
  • police forces formed
  • social improvements to be made.
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20
Q

What was the impact of the Municipal Corporations Act

A
  • improvement of previous haphazard system
  • middle class role in public life
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21
Q

Political Change, 1832- 1841

A

:)

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22
Q

Who was PM 1830-1834 and what did he do? What was the 1832 election data?

A
  • Earl Grey (Whig)
  • Reforms, (GRA, FA, PLAA, EG, AS)
  • Whigs 479, Cons 179
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23
Q

Who was PM in 1834 and what happened during the premiership?

A
  • Melbourne (Whig)
  • Whigs fall apart over Ireland
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24
Q

Who was PM 1834-1835 and what was his gov like?
What was the 1835 election data?

A
  • Peel (Tory)
  • his ‘hundred days’
    Remained a minority gov
  • Whigs 383, Cons 275
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25
Q

Who was PM 1835-1841 and what did he do?
What was the 1837 election data?

A
  • Melbourne (Whig)
  • Limited action, only MCA
  • Whigs 349, Cons 309
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26
Q

Who was PM 1841- 1846?
What was the 1841 election data?

A
  • Peel (Conservative)
  • Conservatives won election
  • Whigs 290, Cons 368!!!
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27
Q

What was the document called that furthered the Conservative
Campaign? Who wrote it and when?

A

The Tamworth Manifesto, by Robert Peel in 1834

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28
Q

What are 7 key points from the Tamworth Manifesto?

A
  1. “Never been the defender of abuses or the enemy of Judicial reforms”
  2. “I consider the reform bill to be a final and irrevocable settlement… no friend of the peace would attempt to disturb”
  3. “Maintenance of established rights”
  4. “Proved abuses… real grievances”
  5. “consenting to be a member of the committee” (for MCA)
  6. “I supported the measure bought forward by Lord Althorp”
  7. “I cannot give my consent to alienating the church… from strictly ecclesiastical purposes”
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29
Q

(KEY IMPACTS OF THE TAMWORTH MANIFESTO NOTES IN BOOK)

A
  • Strengthens image of Peel- moderate reform, keep GRA, maintain CofE,
  • keeps landowners interests- only ‘real grievances’ and ‘proved abuse’
  • formed the bases of Conservative ideals
  • Peel as a decisive, level headed man, apart of MCA committee 1834 and it passed 1835
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30
Q

Politics and Government: 1832- 1841

A
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31
Q

Who was Grey and what were some problems his government faced after 1832?

A
  • aristocrat
  • MP in 1786, member of Fox’s circle
  • De Facto leader after his death
  • PM by 1830, elderly and lost some reforming tendencies after 1832
    FACED:
  • disagreement with radicals, wanting more reform
  • party divide over Ireland issue
  • popular discontent with Whig reforms (PLAA)
32
Q

What repression was there during these years?

A
  • Whigs willing to repress radical and trade unionists similar to Tories
  • Melbourne face of repression
  • ‘Tolpuddle Martyrs’ trade unionists transported for taking an illegal oath
33
Q

What was the situation with Ireland during this time?

A
  • Daniel O’Connell wanted further reform, like abolishing church tax
  • the Whigs split over Ireland, those favouring conciliation (Anglesey) or repression (Lord Stanley)
34
Q

How did the Ireland issue lead to Whig problems?

A
  • Coercion Bill of 1833, banning public meetings and introduced curfews in Ireland
  • Anglesey angry, he wanted bishops role to remain and full Act of Union repeal
  • further disagreements between agitators and conciliators, Russel wanted some Anglican money to go to poor Catholics
  • Lord Stanley resigned in response
  • height when Grey resigned! Whig conciliators conspiring with O’Connell behind his back
35
Q

Who was PM after Grey?

A

Melbourne

36
Q

Describe Melbourne, his time in office and demise.

A

1.
- An aristocrat
- moderate, had roles under Tory leadership
- scandalous wife + sex life
2.
- inherited disunited party
- Lord Althorp resigned, worsening state of party
3.
- King disliked his association with radicals and dismissed Melbourne

37
Q

Who was Robert Peel?

A
  • middle class, father was textile manufacturer
  • Father was behind Factory Act 1819
  • home sec under Liverpool
  • in favour of constructive opposition
  • encouraged moderate Whigs to join Tories
  • had been Chief Justice secretary for Ireland
38
Q

What was Peel’s time in office called and what year was this?

A
  • Peel’s “Hundred Days”
  • Dec 1834- April 1835
39
Q

Why did he resign?

A
  • Whig Opposition
  • So he issued Tamworth Manifesto
40
Q

What was the Litchfield House Compact and when was it signed?

A
  • 1835
  • a pact with O’Connell and other Irish MPs, as well as some radicals
  • as Russell was not happy with the dismissal of Melbourne
  • meant Irish MPs and radicals support Whigs in Parliament
  • further divided Whigs
  • meant Whigs were committing to enacting reform for Ireland
41
Q

What why was there an election in 1837? What was the reasons for the result?

A
  • death of the king triggered an election
  • Tories 309- 349 Whigs
  • Tories do well= LHC, Disraeli names them the only ‘national party’, Peel’s push of traditional values
42
Q

When did Queen Victoria become Queen?

A

1837 at the age of 18

43
Q

What was the 1839 Bed Chamber Crisis?

A
  • Melbourne sort of mentor to the Queen
  • he wanted to resign after a vote of no confidence
  • but he couldn’t , queen refused to change her Whig ladies in waiting with Tory ones
44
Q

Who won the 1841 election?

A

The Conservative Party

45
Q

Why did the Conservatives win the 1841 election?

A

Economic Problems:
- unemployment, trade recessions, less tariffs, gov debt and beginning of discontent due to this, Hungry Forties
Whig Weaknesses:
- LHC, Proposed change to the Corn Laws for gov debt
Tory Strengths:
- TM, Carlton Clubs cons party organisation, F.R. Bonham, promises to retain the CLs

46
Q

What was the significance of the 1841 election?

A
  • shows shift to Constitutional monarchy
  • suggests politicians now must win favour of electorate for power
  • redefined the Tory Party as the Conservatives
47
Q

Peels Government

A

:)

48
Q

Why was Peel’s premiership strong until 1846?

A
  • Always introduced measures he would carry out
  • Very intellectual
  • Not a natural orator but had undeniable strength and popularity in the Commons
49
Q

What did Gladstone say about Peel’s government?

A
  • Gladstone: said he exercised more personal authority than Pitt
  • true, introduced significant budgets of 1842 and 1845
  • his Home Office administrator, Graham, was subordinate as policy maker
50
Q

What motivated Peel to reform the economy? What effect did he believe this would have?

A
  • Chartists Petitions and political risings as a result, Plug Plot Riots and Newport Rising
  • Peel was motivated to reform the economy instead of giving into Chartist political demands
  • He believed if the economy recovered, demands for political reform would reduce
51
Q

List Peel’s economic reforms:

A
  • Free trade budgets
  • Income Tax
  • Bank Charter
  • The Joint Stock Companies Act
  • Railways Act
52
Q

What were Peel’s free trade budgets?

A

Why- tariffs holding back industry
What- 1842 and 1845 Free Trade Budgets, removed 600 articles completely and 500 greatly reduced
Effect- Economy grew during Hungry Forties and led way to Mid Victorian Boom

53
Q

What was the reintroduction of Income Tax?

A

Why- loss of revenue from tariff reduction, previously abolished in 1816
What- parliament agreed for only earners over £150, every 7p in the pound
Effect- most WC unaffected, stimulated stagnant economy, turned 2mil gov debt into healthy surplus

54
Q

What was the Bank Charter Act?

A

Why- many banks unreliable, all print notes and led to inflation
What- prohibited note printing, divided BOE into 2 sections of printing and banking, limited number of notes issued per person, weekly accounts required
Effect- reduced ‘reckless speculation’, stabilised English economy, London became worlds leading monetary centre

55
Q

What was The Joint Stock Companies Act?

A

Why- no regulation on company start ups, foolish investors and fraud
What- all companies must be registered, must publish prospectuses and regular accounts
Effect- reduced ‘reckless speculation’

56
Q

What was the Railways Act?

A

Why- no regulation on railways, logical after company reform, many MPs had shares and would not regulate against
What- inspections, parliament set railway charges and 3rd class carriage introduced
Effect- standardised railways, continued investment in railways, BUT largely due to Gladstone

57
Q

List Peel’s social reforms:

A
  • Mines Act 1842
  • Factory Act 1844
58
Q

What was the Mines Act 1842?

A

Why- disgraceful conditions in mines and industrial towns, Royal Commission 1840 found children 5-6+ as ‘trappers’
What- Ashley crafted a bill after Commissioners’ Report in 1842, women underground illegal + no boys under 10
Effect- no clauses to working hours or inspections of workers conditions, largely work of Lord Ashley, well intended, first ever safety regulation

59
Q

What was the Factory Act 1844?

A

Why- economic recessions of 1841-1842, year of chartist Petition, better economic situation –> recede in social unrest, increased attendance in church would stop political disturbances
What- 1843 Bill by James Graham, 6 1/2 for 8-13 kids, 3hrs education, schools under CofE control
Effect- made education clauses of the 1833 FA work, radical agitation of CofE dominance, 2mil petition in parliament removed education clauses, paved way for successful 10hr movement

60
Q

What measure was the main reason for the end to Peel’s premiership?

A

The Corn Laws

61
Q

Why did Peel repeal the Corn Laws?

A
  • 1815- 1840, population increased by 50%, so not enough food
  • ACLL pressure + began being hated by MC, feared alliance and knew how hated it was
  • 1844 economic recovery, Laws seemed like an oddity
  • 1845 Prussia said they would no longer sell grain to them
  • Irish Potato Blight gave excuse he needed
62
Q

What did Peel offer over the Corn Laws?

A
  • his resignation
  • so the Whigs could pass the measure
  • BUT Russel had no majority, so and said no
63
Q

What was the impact of the Repeal of the Corn Laws?

A
  • Lord Stanley resigned from government
  • Opposition from Bentick and Orator Disraeli, they rallied protectionist groups
    -in 1846, only 32% of Tory party supported their leader in the vote, so was largely due to Whig votes
  • Forced Peel’s resignation.
64
Q

Social Reformers

A
65
Q

Who were the 3 social reformers?

A
  • John Fielden
  • Edwin Chadwick
  • Lord Ashley
66
Q

Give details about John Fielden’s early life:

A
  • Grew up in a Quaker family (life for working, awarded in death)
  • As a child, worked in cotton mills, experienced poor working conditions
  • Father’s success in cotton manufacturing bettered his life
  • His parents were Tory, but he was a radical, taking influence from William Cobbett
67
Q

Give details about Fielden’s Parliamentary reform:

A
  • supported GRA as MP for Oldham
  • Supported 10hr Act
  • Set up National Regeneration Society, encouraging better conditions
  • talked of a ‘curse of the factory system’
68
Q

Give details about Fielden’s actions for the ‘The New Poor Law’:

A
  • he voted against PLAA 1834
  • joins commons committee for a New Poor Law
  • Threatened to not implement Law in his factories, if PL guardians didn’t resign
  • He does this, dismisses 3000 and pays them
  • Led to other towns adopting same methods
  • Led to mob against PLAA causing £1000 in damages
  • he did not speak out/ do anything to stop this
69
Q

List two other actions taken by Fielden:

A
  • Chartism
  • Ten Hour Act
70
Q

What actions did Fielden take for the Chartist cause?

A
  • identified with aims
  • Involved in ‘moral-force’ Chartism of 1838-1839
  • Chairman at Chartism monster meeting at Kersal Manor
  • Involved in presentation of First National Petition
  • suggested a second more legitimate petition
  • Rejected Physical Force, left movement because of that
71
Q

What actions did Fielden take for the Ten Hour Act?

A
  • Disliked 1833 FA, objected to inspectors, height sysytem)
  • Pushed for more restrictions
  • When Ashley left Parliament, Fielden took charge of THB 1846
  • 1847, Bill passed w. his help
72
Q

What was Fielden’s later life?

A
  • by 1847, his health was poor
  • was defeated in Oldham as MP
  • after problems with implimentation of THA, he lobbied Home Sec and PM
  • his children undermined him, agreed to 1850 Compromise Act, retroceding provisions and increasing relay system
73
Q

Give details about Edwin Chadwick early life:

A
  • Father was a liberal politician
  • Chadwick had a private, political education
  • career as a barrister
  • close to Bentham and Stuart Mill, teaching him utilitarian principles
74
Q

What is utalitarianism and why does Chadwick follow it?

A

DEFINITION
- creating the greatest good for the greatest number
- a challenge to laissez-faire
CHADWICK
- he used the felicific formula
- balanced good of factory workers and workers in his reforms

75
Q

What measures did Edwin Chadwick help pass?

A
  • 1834 PLAA = he was appointed to royal commission and put forward less eligibility
  • 1833 FA = again on royal commission
76
Q

How did Chadwick better conditions in industrial towns?

A

History- Britain Y2 (4 decks)

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