1800 - 1848 (Democracy and Expansion)

Question 1

Judiciary Act of 1801

Answer 1

• 1801
• The Judiciary Act of 1801 created new judgeships to be filled by the President.
• John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters (“Midnight Judges”) before he left office,
• This led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party.
• The act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 2

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 2

• 1801 - 1809
• Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States.
• He is the author of the Declaration of Independence.
• Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State.
• Jefferson’s taking of office was called the “Revolution of 1800” as it was the first time America changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican).
• His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807 and the Louisiana Purchase,
• His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the Federalist Part led to its demise.
• Jefferson’s politics were characterized by support of state’s right.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 3

The Marshall Court

Answer 3

• 1801 - 1835
• The Marshall Court was led by Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall, a Federalist installed by John Adams.
• Marshall’s decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the right of judicial review over federal legislation.
• The Marshall Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts and advanced capitalism.
• Its significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 4

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 4

• 1803
• William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace by President John Adams.
• His commission was part of Adams’s “midnight appointments” in his last days in office.
• Marbury’s commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison.
• Chief Justice John Marshall held that even though Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury’s remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted.
• The decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 5

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 5

• April 30, 1803
• The Louisiana Purchase was bought for $15 million from France, doubling the territory of the United States.
• Jefferson was concerned about the legality of purchasing land without having Constitutional authority, so he used the presidential power of treaty-making for the purchase.
• The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States.
• Farmers could more easily send their goods down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitating transportation to Europe.
• The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation, and the Federalists became a marginalized party.
• It opened land t agrarian expansion, which was part of Jefferson’s social ideology.
• In the 1800s, the United States expanded across North America and pursued foreign trade.

Question 6

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Answer 6

• 1803 - 1806
• The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through the Louisiana Purchase and the West.
• It departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies.
• Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped the party in its journey.
• It opened up new territories to American expansion.
• In the 1800s, the United States expanded across North America and pursued foreign trade.

Question 7

Old China Trade

Answer 7

• 1783 - 1845
• U.S. merchants conducted lucrative trade with China after the American Revolution.
• The U.S. government did not officially approve the activity, known as the “Old China Trade.”
• Trade was driven by demand for Chinese products like tea, porcelain, and silk.
• Exchanges increased in the 1800s with Chinese demand for furs.
• The Old China Trade ended with the Treaty of Wanghia, which gave the U.S. specific trading privileges.
• In the 1800s, the United States expanded across North America and pursued foreign trade.

Question 8

Embargo of 1807

Answer 8

• 1807 - 1809
• The Embargo of 1807 was America’s declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination.
• Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars.
• The result was economic depression in the Unites States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in the Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 9

James Madison

Answer 9

• 1809 - 1817
• James Madison was the fourth president of the United States.
• His work before becoming president led him to be considered the “Father of the Constitution.”
• Madison participated in the writing of the Federalist papers.
• In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan.
• He was a Democratic-Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress.
• Madison faced pressure, from “War Hawks” like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo.
• He led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the War in 1814.
• -The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 10

Non-Intercourse Act

Answer 10

• 1809
• With this act, Congress reverse the Embargo act of 1807 and opened trade to all nations except France and Britain.
• The Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain.
• The trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression, which stemmed from the Napoleonic Wars.
• The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 11

Fletcher v. Peck

Answer 11

• 1810
• Fletcher v. Peck was a Marshall Court decision.
• The case was the first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the U.S. Constitution.
• The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal.
• A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption.
• The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid regardless of the corruption.
• The decision reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts and encouraged the growth of corporations and investment.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 12

Expansion of the Electorate, 1810 - 1828

Answer 12

• 1810 - 1828
• Most states eliminated the property qualifications for voting during this period.
• African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North.
• The political parties established national nomination conventions.
• As local concerns often took priority over national interests in the developing United States, differences grew between Northern and Southern political ideology.

Question 13

Tecumseh

Answer 13

• 1811
• Tecumseh was an American Indian chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against the pressured removal of American Indians from Western territories.
• William Henry Harrison defeated the united American Indian confederacy at Tippecanoe.
• During the War of 1812, America overpowered British and American Indian forces and killed Tecumseh.
• Frontier settlers often came into conflict with American Indians over their expansion into traditional native lands, leading to several wars and the regulation of American Indian groups.

Question 14

War of 1812

Answer 14

• 1812 - 1815
• The caused of the War of 1812 include British impressment of American sailors, “War Hawk” support in Congress, U.S. interest in lands held by American Indians and the British, and America’s suspicions that the British were encouraging American Indians to rebel.
• Early military achievements, including William Henry Harrison’s success in Canada and Andrew Jackson’s charge in the Southwest, meant victory against British and American Indian forces.
• The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
• Following America’s victory, the nation turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization.
• The war led to a depression in 1819 due to an influx of British goods.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 15

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Answer 15

• 1817
• The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for the Rush-Bagot Agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada.
• Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes,
• It served as the first “disarmament” agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 16

James Monroe

Answer 16

• 1817 - 1825
• James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States.
• He led during the “Era of Good Feeling,” which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party.
• He established the Monroe Doctrine a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs
• National identity grew during Monroe’s term in office, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects.
• The “Era of Good Feelings” saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 17

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 17

• 1819
• McCulloch v. Maryland was a Marshall Court decision.
• The case determined that no states could control an agency of the federal government.
• Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks.
• The Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress’s “implied powers” to operate a national bank.
• The use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 18

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Answer 18

• 1819
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward was a Marshall Court decision.
• The case severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business.
• The New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked.
• The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties.
• The case reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 19

Adams-Onis Treaty

Answer 19

• 1819
• The Adams-Onis Treaty helped define the U.S.-Mexico border.
• The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries.
• Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific.
• The United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region
• The United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants.
• Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 20

King Cotton in the Early 1800s

Answer 20

• Early 1800s
• The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers.
• New states such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas began producing cotton.
• This led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple as “King Cotton.”
• The desire for cotton encouraged westward expansion
• Cotton fueled the growth of the American economy, increased the growth of slavery, and impacted the tension between the North and South.

Question 21

Transportation Revolution

Answer 21

• First half of the 1800s
• Innovations included new construction of roads, the addition of canal, and the expansion of the railroads.
• Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation.
• Henry Clay promoted internal improvements to help develop transportation.
• The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• New technology for transportation, manufacturing, communication, and agriculture increased America’s economic growth.

Question 22

Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism

Answer 22

• 1790s - 1840s
• A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals.
• The “Burnt Over District,” an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement.
• Protestant revivalism rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual’s hands.
• Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform.
• Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy.
• It created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment.
• Religious, secular, and cultural developments led to greater support for minority rights and social justice.

Question 23

Antebellum Reform

Answer 23

• 1820 - 1860
• The number of colleges (Oberlin College in Ohio became the first co-ed college).
• There was an expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann.
• Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane.
• Prisons also underwent reform.
• Religious, secular, and cultural developments led to greater support for minority rights and social justice.

Question 24

Lowell System

Answer 24

• 1820s
• The Lowell System was popular way of staffing New England factories.
• Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period.
• The owners called these “factories in the garden” to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns.
• The rotating labor supply benefited owners as no unions could be formed against them.
• The system depended on technology to increase production.
• New technology for transportation, manufacturing, communication, and agriculture increased America’s economic growth.

Question 25

Washington Irving

Answer 25

• 1783 - 1859
• In his time, Washington Irving was the best-known American writer and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe.
• His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American.
• His stories include “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (both in 1820).
• Irving;s writings reflect and increasing nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 26

Transcendentalism

Answer 26

• 1820 - 1850
• Transcendentalism was a movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God.
• It held that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church.
• Transcendentalism saw the church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression.
• Authors, such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote about Transcendentalism.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 27

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 27

• 1817 - 1862
• Henry David Thoreau was a transcendentalist writer.
• His “Walden” (1854) repudiated the repression of society and preached nonviolent civil disobedience.
• He protested unjust laws, slavery, and the Mexican War.
• To protest these issues, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax and was forced to spend one night in jail.
• Thoreau’s ideology was reflected in future advocated like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 28

Utopian Communities

Answer 28

• 1820 - 1850
• This movement copied early European efforts and utopianism.
• Utopianism was an attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialization.
• Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism.
• Utopianism included attempts as sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism.
• Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida.
• Religious, secular, and cultural developments led to greater support for minority rights and social justice.

Question 29

Romanticism

Answer 29

• 1800s
• Romanticism was a belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in the turn-of-the-century Europe.
• It emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality.
• Romanticism was a reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment, developing into a push for social reform.
• Religious, secular, and cultural developments led to greater support for minority rights and social justice.

Question 30

Missouri Compromise

Answer 30

• 1820s
• The Missouri Compromise was Henry Clay’s solution to deadlock over accepting a proposed new state, Missouri.
• At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states, and a slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power.
• John Tallmadge added an anti-slavery amendment to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age.
• The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery.
• To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine).
• The language prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that Louisiana Purchase lands above 36’30’ north latitude would prohibit slavery.
• Expansion created disagreement among Americans over whether new territories should permit slavery. Compromises and conflicts throughout the early 1800s eventually led to the Civil War.

Question 31

Denmark Vesey

Answer 31

• -1767 - 1822
• Denmark Vesey was a slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom.
• He gained wealth and influence in South Carolina.
• He was accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt.
• Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged.
• Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real.
• Expansion created disagreement among Americans over whether new territories should permit slavery. Compromises and conflicts throughout the early 1800s eventually led to the Civil War.

Question 32

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 32

• Introduced in 1823
• The Monroe Doctrine was developed by President James Monroe.
• It stated that the united States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers.
• America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon’s fall.
• There was another cause: Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers, threatening American security.
• The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe’s time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues.
• The first part of the 1800s saw the United States carefully navigating international disputes.

Question 33

Gibbons v. Odgen

Answer 33

• 1824
• Gibbons v. Odgen was a Marshall Court decision.
• The case determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation.
• Odgen received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston.
• Gibbons received the same rights through Congress.
• The Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void.
• The use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case.
• Many early Supreme Court rulings expanded the power of the federal government and affirmed the Court’s role in interpreting the Constitution.

Question 34

Hudson River School and Walt Whitman

Answer 34

• -School 1825-1875; Whitman 1819 - 1892
• The Hudson River School was a group of American landscape painters whose work represented increasing American nationalism after the War of 1812.
• The influence of the European Romantic movement led many Americans artists to paint landscapes of their homeland, such as Niagara Falls and the Catskills.
• Its artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness, S.F.B. Morse, and John James Auduson.
• Painters created visual expressions of the concepts about which writer like Walt Whitman wrote.
• Whitman was a Romantic era poet known for his “Leaves of Grass” (1855).
• He celebrated the importance of individualism and is considered the poet of American democracy.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 35

“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

Answer 35

• 1824
• There were four presidential candidates in 1824: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury).
• Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote, and as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives.
• In the House of Representatives, Henry Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams, who would go on to win the presidency.
• Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State.
• Jackson made accusations of a “corrupt bargain,” but they are largely considered untrue.
• Political divisions grew throughout the United States as local goals often differed from national interest, particularly around slavery, national expansion, and states’ rights.

Question 36

John Quincy Adams

Answer 36

• 1825 - 1829
• John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States.
• His supporters called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves as Democratic-Republicans).
• He led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and American Indian affairs.
• His policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states’ rights.
• After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian policy of removing certain American Indian tribes.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 37

James Fenimore Cooper

Answer 37

• 1789 - 1851
• James Fenimore Cooper was an American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey.
• His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America’s landscapes.
• His works include “The Last of the Mohicans” (1826), “The Water-Witch” (1830), and “The American Democrat” (1838).
• His publications, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 38

“Tariff of Abominations”

Answer 38

• 1828
• This was a tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by Southern planters.
• John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams’s Vice President, anonymously protested his own leadership’s bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state.
• This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to the Civil War.
• Political divisions grew throughout the United States as local goals often differed from national interest, particularly around slavery, national expansion, and states’ rights.

Question 39

John Calhoun

Answer 39

• 1782 - 1850
• John Calhoun was vice president to both John Q. Adams and to Adams’ political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828.
• He was a champion of states’ rights.
• He was the author of an essay, “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” advocating nullification of the Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws.
• Later, as a senator, Calhoun engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states’ rights, espousing the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War.
• Political divisions grew throughout the United States as local goals often differed from national interest, particularly around slavery, national expansion, and states’ rights.

Question 40

Andrew Jackson

Answer 40

• 1829 - 1837
• Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States.
• Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell American Indian rebellions.
• After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, Jackson defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi River.
• He was a popular president due to his image as the self-made Westerner.
• His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states’ rights.
• Jackson implemented the spoils system approach to civil service.
• He signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove American Indian tribes west of the Mississippi.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 41

Seminole Wars

Answer 41

• 1817 - 1858
• Florida had been Spanish territory, was ceded to Great Britain, was returned to Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1783), and was given to America in 1819.
• In the 1700s and early 1800s, white Southerners grew frustrated with slaves escaping to Florida, where American Indians often gave them protection.
• Southern whites performed raids into Florida, and the Seminoles and other American Indians performed counterraids in Georgia and Alabama.
• This led to several Seminole Wars, which pressured the Seminole to relocate to the West.
• Frontier settler expansion often came into conflict with American Indians’ native lands, leading to conflicts and government regulation.

Question 42

Spoils System

Answer 42

• 1828
• The spoils system was Andrew Jackson’s method of turning over civil servant jobs to new government officials.
• “Rotation in office” was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government.
• This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage.
• In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions.
• Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency.
• It ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act.
• Political abuse of power led to reform through both the legislature and judiciary at the state and federal levels.

Question 43

David Walker

Answer 43

• 1829
• David Walker was an African American and an early figure in the abolitionist movement.
• In 1829, he created a pamphlet, “Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World”, which called for people to resist slavery by any means.
• Southerners grew angry over his push for self-defense.
• Despite the challenges of slavery and mistreatment, African Americans established their own social groups and cultural practices, aiming to preserve their identity and gain their rights.

Question 44

Alexis de Tocqueville

Answer 44

• Early 1830s
• Alexis de Tocqueville was a French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States.
• He wrote “Democracy in America”, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society.
• He assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality.
• Tocqueville provided an outsider’s objective view of the Age of Jackson.
• American democracy encouraged debate over the role of the federal government and the rights and liberties of its citizens, leading to the development of organizations and political parties to represent and promote these concerns.

Question 45

Temperance Movement

Answer 45

• 1830s - 1840s
• The Temperance Movement sought to moderate or ban alcohol consumption.
• Alcohol’s growing availability, concerns about its effects on moral behavior, and ongoing societal reforms encouraged the movement.
• Women were strong proponents of the movement, as some husbands spent family money on alcohol.
• The movement led Maine to become a dry state and peaked in 1919 with Prohibition.
• The Second Great Awakening and European ideals influenced cultural reform throughout the United States.

Question 46

Mormonism

Answer 46

• 1830
• The Mormon religion was founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.
• Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
• Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations.
• Because of these claims and unusual practices, such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned.
• Eventually, Mormon moved westward and formed a community near the Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young’s leadership.
• The settlement became the state of Utah.
• American expansion efforts were fueled by governmental policies, Manifest Destiny, the growing belief in American supremacy, and the search for greater freedom and opportunity.

Question 47

Webster-Hayne Debate

Answer 47

• 1830
• The debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) focused on sectionalism and nullification.
• The debate came after the “Tariff of Abominations” incident.
• At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?
• Webster stated, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
• The tension between states’ rights and national power created conflicts in both the North and the South and laid the foundation for the Civil War.

Question 48

Nat Turner

Answer 48

• 1800 - 1831
• Nat Turner was a slave who led an insurrection in Southampton, Virginia in 1831.
• He was influential among local slaves as a preacher.
• He believed it was his destiny to deliver slaves into freedom.
• Turner led approximately 60 in revolt, first killing the family of his owner and then killing 55 white people in the surrounding neighborhood.
• The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free African Americans were executed.
• The revolt produced stricter slave laws in the South and resulted in an end to Southern organizations advocating abolition.
• American slavery was enforced using a range of methods that included harsh laws, regulations, and restrictions.

Question 49

Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification

Answer 49

• 1832
• The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of the Southern ones.
• John C. Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs.
• President Jackson, tough a supporter of states’ rights, defended the Union and asked Congress to issue a bill allowing him to collect tariffs by force.
• Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose the appearance of control and so that South Carolina could back down from nullification.
• The tension between states’ rights and national power created conflicts in both the North and the South and laid the foundation for the Civil War.

Question 50

American System

Answer 50

• Early 1800s
• Representative Henry Clay proposed the American System as an opportunity for harnessing the economic growth taking place in the country.
• The American System included internal improvements for transportation, high tariffs on imports to encourage manufacturing, and measure to stabilize the economy and make credit more available.
• Congress enacted programs supporting each of these issues.
• Similarities exist between Hamilton’s economic program and Clay’s American System.
• Measures by the federal government during this period created stronger connections between the regions not dependent on slavery.

Question 51

Jackson’s War on the Second Bank of the United States

Answer 51

• 1832
• Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton.
• Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people.
• Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson.
• Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to recharter the Bank four years earlier than it was due.
• Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity.
• Political divisions grew throughout the United States as local goals often differed from national interest, particularly around slavery, national expansion, and states’ rights.

Question 52

Migration to Texas

Answer 52

• 1800s
• Texas became a state in the Republic of Mexico after 1822, following a revolution against Spain.
• Mexico offered land grants for immigration to Texas, which increased the state’s population and revenue.
• Many Americans came to take advantage of Texas’ large tracts of affordable land, and some assumed that the United States would eventually take control of the state.
• Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave master, but the presence of slavery–illegal in Mexico–angered the Mexican government.
• When the population in Texas changed American immigration, Mexico’s power began to erode.
• Expansion created disagreement among Americans over whether new territories should permit slavery. Compromises and conflicts throughout the early 1800s eventually led to the Civil War.

Question 53

Texas’ Independence from Mexico

Answer 53

• February 24 - March 6, 1836
• Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
• The Mexican government initially gave settlers wide latitude to manage their affairs, but it later grew more strict about enforcing its laws (particularly against slavery), and Texan settlers eventually rebelled.
• In early fighting, the Mexican Army attacked Fort Alamo and killed 187 members of the Texas garrison; “Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry for independence.
• Later, the Texan rebels organized under Sam Houston and overcame the Mexican forces, establishing the state’s independence in 1836.
• Expansion created disagreement among Americans over whether new territories should permit slavery. Compromises and conflicts throughout the early 1800s eventually led to the Civil War.

Question 54

Gag Rule

Answer 54

• 1836 - 1844
• The Gag Rule forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives.
• It stemmed from Southern members’ concerns about slave emancipation.
• It led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony.
• Political divisions grew throughout the United States as local goals often differed from national interest, particularly around slavery, national expansion, and states’ rights.

Question 55

Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular

Answer 55

• 1837
• President Jackson’s drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks caused a recession.
• The Panic of 1837 led to relaxed credit policies and inflation.
• Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, which required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit.
• The recession lasted into the 1840s.
• During this period,many balance of power concerns between the federal government and the state focused on economic issues.

Question 56

Charles River Bridge Case

Answer 56

• 1837
• The Charles River Bridge Case demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare.
• Jackson’s chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community.
• The case served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.
• During this period,many balance of power concerns between the federal government and the state focused on economic issues.

Question 57

Trail of Tears

Answer 57

• 1838 - 1839
• Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson’s Indian Removal Act.
• Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity.
• American Indians were supported by the Supreme Court, but Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision.
• By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government’s demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions.
• Still, Cherokees were required to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
• The migration’s effects were devastating, as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee.
• The expansion of the frontier often encroached on American Indians’ native lands, leading to conflicts, government regulation, and forced migration.

Question 58

Horace Mann

Answer 58

• Horace Mann was as American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education.
• He implemented reforms in education based on liberal social ideas.
• He made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling.
• The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, Mann has been called the father of the American public school.
• Religious, secular, and cultural developments led to greater support for minority rights and social justice.

Question 59

Whig Party

Answer 59

• 1840s
• The Whig Party stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson’s policies.
• It cultivated commercial and industrial development.
• It encouraged the development of banks and corporations.
• It had a cautious approach to westward expansion.
• Northern businesses and manufacturing interests as well as large Southern planters supported the Whig Party.
• The Whig Party included John Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster.
• American democracy encouraged debate over the role of the federal government and the rights and liberties of its citizens, leading to the development of organizations and political parties to represent and promote these concerns.

Question 60

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 60

• 1803 - 1882
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist essayist and lecturer.
• “Self-Reliance” (1841), one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence.
• Through the themes in his writing and through the independent lifestyle he lived, Emerson strongly influenced American though and culture.
• American culture flourished during the early 1800s, using European methods of expression to communicate the concerns and interests of its citizens.

Question 61

Abolitionism

Answer 61

• 1830s through Civil War
• Abolitionism began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success.
• Anti-slavery societies supported Abolitionism, and some faced violent opposition.
• The abolition movement split into two: (1) radical followers and (2) those who petitioned Congress.
• Abolitionism entered politics through Liberty Party, which called for non-expansion of slavery into new Western territories.
• The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free Soil Party.
• Secular volunteer organizations, institutions, and publications developed to support liberal social ideas.

Question 62

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 62

• 1805 - 1879
• William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper, “The Liberator”, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated.
• Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradual approach.
• Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper, opposition to his policies developed within abolitionist groups.
• Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women.
• After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for American Indians.
• Secular volunteer organizations, institutions, and publications developed to support liberal social ideas.

Question 63

Frederick Douglass

Answer 63

• 1818 - 1895
• Frederick Douglas was an escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist.
• He escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, “The North Star”.
• He favored the use of political methods of reform.
• In the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union army.
• Frederick Douglass is known as the father of the American civil rights movement.
• Secular volunteer organizations, institutions, and publications developed to support liberal social ideas.

Question 64

Population Growth and Change, Early 1800s

Answer 64

• 1800s
• The labor shortage meant more opportunity for work.
• Am influx of immigration in the 1840s and 1850s included Irish Catholics, many of whom fled the potato famine, and German skilled labor, ho left following a failed revolution.
• Poor Irish immigrants settled in eastern cities, seeking work but facing discrimination.
• Moneyed Germans settled in Wisconsin, cultivating the Upper-Midwest.
• The population grew in the West and in rural areas.
• Urbanization outpaced resources in cities, leading to crime and unclean water.
• Race riots and religious riots became part of city life.
• The Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish, African American, Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting pot of the country.
• Expansion and opportunity opened the doors for increased immigration, which would not only lead to America’s growth but would also bring with it religious, cultural, geographical, ad political conflicts.

Question 65

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 65

• 1800s
• Unlike the more public-minded idea of Republican Motherhood, the “cult of domesticity” concept defined a woman’s role in marriage as maintaining the home for her husband and raising the children.
• Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as Abolitionism.
• Their employment was restricted mostly to school teaching.
• A woman’s property became her husband’s.
• In future years, the women’s rights movement would rise to confront this “cult of domesticity.”
• Traditional gender roles and family structures changed significantly as the realms of “home” and “work” grew apart during the market revolution.

Question 66

Martin Van Buren

Answer 66

• 1837 - 1841
• Martin Van Buren was the eight president of the United States.
• He was a Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson’s vice president after Calhoun left the position.
• Van Buren established the independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently from the national banking system; it existed in one form or another until 1921.
• The Panic of 1837 hampered Van Buren’s attempts to follow Jackson’s policies, and he was unsuccessful in reelection.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 67

William Henry Harrison

Answer 67

• 1841
• William Henry Harrison was the ninth president of the United States.
• He was a Westerner who fought against American Indians.
• He was nicknamed “Old Tippecanoe.”
• John Tyler was his vice president.
• Harrison died on pneumonia a month after his inauguration.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 68

John Tyler

Answer 68

• 1841 - 1845
• John Tyler was the tenth president of the United States.
• He took office following the death of William Henry Harrison.
• Tyler was a states’ righter, a southerner, and a strict constructionist.
• He rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him.
• He settled the Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain.
• He helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845.
• The election and actions of U.S. presidents reflect the major issues concerning the federal government, the country’s stance in the world, political parties, and the American people.

Question 69

U.S.-British Tension and the Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Answer 69

• Signed in 1842
• An American ship was burned by Canadian loyalists.
• Canada and the United States disputed the boundary of Maine.
• British ships sometimes stopped American ships to suppress American slave smuggling.
• The treaty settled the boundary of Maine and border disputes in the Great Lakes.
• It created more cooperation between the United States and Britain in curbing the slave trade.
• American expansion efforts led to an increased focus on slavery, created international conflicts, and influenced political agenda throughout the 1800s.

Question 70

Transportation in the 1840s and the 1850s

Answer 70

• 1840s and 1850s
• Tremendous expansion of railroad lines created a national market for goods.
• Railroads, such as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were developed to help link the Midwest to the East Coast.
• Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel.
• New technology for transportation, manufacturing, communication, and agriculture increased America’s economic growth.

Question 71

Four Economic Classes in the Agricultural South

Answer 71

• 1800s
• Planters owned large farms and groups of slaves and exercised political and economic control with cotton exports.
• Yeomen were the largest group; they worked the land independently and sometimes along with slaves to produce their own food.
• Poor whites lived in squalor that was often as bad as that of the slaves.
• Slaves worked the land.
• Many Southern whites connected their status with the system of slavery, which made eliminating the practice more challenging.

Question 72

Slave Labor Roles

Answer 72

• 1800s
• On large farms, white overseers directed African American drivers who supervised groups in the fields as they performed gang labor.
• On smaller farms, a slave was assigned specific tasks and then given the remainder of the day to himself.
• House servants were spared physical labor, but they had less privacy and had direct responsibility to the master.
• In urban areas, slaves served as factory workers or as construction laborers.
• Some urban slaves purchased their freedom with their savings or disappeared into society.
• As sectional troubles rose, fewer slaves were able to buy freedom or work in urban areas.
• Many Southern whites connected their status with the system of slavery, which made eliminating the practice more challenging.

Question 73

Xenophobia and Racism in Antebellum America

Answer 73

• Early 1800s
• Many Northerners believed in white superiority, but these ideas were not central to the region’s culture.
• In the South, many leaders claimed that slavery was part of their way of life.
• Though the majority of Southerners did not own slaves, they argued for their rights strongly in the face of the abolitionist movement.
• Many Southerners justified slavery by claiming that African Americans were inferior.
• Southern culture’s main divide became race rather than economics.
• Anti-immigration sentiment (nativism) also grew at this time.
• Many Americans thought that immigrants–mostly non-Protestants–drank more alcohol and lacked self-control and propriety.
• Although some promoted inclusiveness in American democracy, the federal government’s policies and other groups and individuals did not support this.

Question 74

Elements of Slavery

Answer 74

-1700s - 1800s
-Slaves suffered varying degrees of repression, although most received adequate housing and diet.
-Many slaves tried to run away into bordering free states.
Injustice created quiet revolt as slaves sabotaged their facilities, found ways to become unproductive for their masters, and ridiculed their owners.
-Despite their repression, slaves created their own common culture.
-Slavery was opposed through political, cultural, organizational, and even violent means in an attempt to end its spread and existence.

Question 75

Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman

Answer 75

• Operated 1840s - 1860s
• The “railroad” was a method of moving slaves to free territory in the United States and Canada.
• Harriet Tubman (1820 - 1913) was a slave smuggler and “conductor” of the Underground Railroad.
• A freed slave herself, Tubman led over 300 to freedom.
• The Underground Railroad increased tensions between the states.
• Slavery was opposed through political, cultural, organizational, and even violent means in an attempt to end its spread and existence.

Question 76

Manufacturing in the Early 1800s

Answer 76

• 1800 - 1850
• Manufacturing was mostly located in the North.
• Its value surpassed agriculture’s value.
• U.S. technology exceeded that in Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph.
• Manufacturers developed new methods of production such as the Lowell System and the “Putting-Out System,” the latter of which used home-based workers to perform small tasksas part of a bigger production process.
• These new systems engaged workers who had traditionally been shunned from the labor pool or who only had seasonal responsibilities.
• Cheap immigrant labor eventually threatened established workers’ jobs, which fed nativist sentiment, led to riots, and sometimes resulted in violence.
• Northerners increasingly moved from agriculture to manufacturing to earn a livelihood.

Question 77

Agriculture in the Early 1800s

Answer 77

• 1800 - 1850
• Agricultural technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm goods to international markets possible.
• As demand for agricultural land grew, westward expansion both altered the region’s environment and settled areas taken from American Indians.
• The railroad was used to help transport goods.
• John Deere, an American manufacturer, pioneered the steel-plow industry.
• Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper.
• New technology for transportation, manufacturing, communication, and agriculture increased America’s economic growth.

Question 78

African Americans in the North, Early 1800s

Answer 78

• 1800 - 1850
• African Americans in the North organized churches and groups.
• Around 200,000 free African Americans lived in the North and West, although their lives were restricted by prejudicial laws.
• Immigration and new sources of labor for employers threatened the economic security of Northern African Americans.
• Many African Americans worked diligently to create and maintain their own communities and organizations as they fought to abolish slavery and the effects that came along with it.

Question 79

The North in the Early 1800s

Answer 79

• 1800 - 1850
• Wages increased and the economy grew in the North during the early 1800s.
• Railroad competition began to harm the canal business.
• Large numbers of Irish and Germans immigrated to the United States.
• Urbanization increased as the population grew, bringing problems such as slums, impure water, rats, and foul sewage.
• While slavery was entrenched in the Southern economy, the North focused on manufacturing, which led to increased economic opportunities and the growth of many Northern cities.

Question 80

The South in the Early 1800s

Answer 80

• 1800 - 1850
• In the plantation system, slave labor grew cash crops.
• Agrarian slave labor was more profitable than using slaves in factories.
• Capital funds were tied up in land and slaves so little was left for investing in new growth or industry.
• The Southern value system emphasized leisure and elegance.
• As cotton became the largest export of the United States, the influence of the Gulf States grew.
• Slave importation continued through the 1850s into the Southwestern states, despite the federal outlaw.
• Few immigrants went to the South.
• While slavery was entrenched in the Southern economy, the North focused on manufacturing, which led to increased economic opportunities and the growth of many Northern cities.