1607 - 1754 (Empires and Opposition)

Question 1

Joint Stock Company

Answer 1

• Popularized in the 1600s
• The joint stock company was a type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions.
• These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding.
• In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition/
• Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company.
• New systems of commerce and manufacturing significantly influenced both Europe and New World colonies.

Question 2

French Colonization in the New World

Answer 2

• 1500s - 1800s
• Colonies stretched from north of Quebec to the port of New Orleans and encompassed the Great Lakes, Great Plains, and Ohio River Valley.
• The French employed diplomacy with American Indians and adapted more than the Spanish or the British.
• American Indians typically maintained control of these areas despite colonization.
• French and Dutch colonies in the New World usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force, in contrast to the Spanish and British.

Question 3

Metis People of the French Colonial World

Answer 3

• 1600s on
• In many French settlements in the interior of North America, French and American Indian cultures intermingled.
• Children of marriages between American Indians and the French were known as metis: an old French word for “mixed” or “mixed blood”
• Metis communities combined Catholic and indigenous spiritual traditions.
• These communities continued even after the French withdrew from North America.
• French colonists were typically more accepting of other races as slavery grew throughout the colonies.

Question 4

Dutch Colonization in the New World

Answer 4

• 1500s - 1600s
• The first Dutch colonies functioned more as trading outposts than settlements.
• The Dutch commissioned and expedition by English explorer Henry Hudson to North America.
• Hudson failed in his search for a Northwest Passage, but his reports of abundant resources created interest among Dutch merchants.
• The Dutch West India Company was chartered to develop colonies in North America.
• The company tried to attract immigrants with land grants, and a diverse group of European settlers slowly began to arrive.
• Its most important settlement was New Amsterdam, which became a center for trade.
• French and Dutch colonies in the New World usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force, in contrast to the Spanish and British.

Question 5

New World Fur Trade

Answer 5

• 1500s on
• The lucrative fur trade drew traders and colonists to the interior of North America.
• It led Europeans to reach agreements with American Indians, unlike the more aggressive relationships that agricultural settlements on the Atlantic Coast developed.
• Growth in the fur trade often caused American Indian communities to extend their traditional territory, which created conflicts with neighbors.
• In later centuries, American Indians allied with different European powers to fight for territory and trading privileges.
• Rivalries between European powers motivated them to expand their colonies, generating more New World goods to meet European demand.

Question 6

Mercantilism

Answer 6

1500s - 1700s

• Mercantilism was the prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s.
• It was founded on the belief that the world’s wealth was limited and, therefore, that one nations’ gain was another nation’s loss.
• Each nations’s goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; precious metals would provide economic and military strength.
• Colonies were to serve the ruling country by providing raw materials and purchasing manufactured goods instead of creating their own.
• European powers often had different aims than their colonies, and disputes eventually arose over how these nations manged such issues.

Question 7

Types of British Colonies in the New World

Answer 7

• 1600s - 1700s
• In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter.
• A royal colony had a governor selected by England’s king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers.
• Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony.
• British colonies eventually came to resemble one another in their structure and character.

Question 8

Jamestown

Answer 8

-Established 1607
-Jamestown was name for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth’s successor in England.
-James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World.
-In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement.
-Its swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources.
Despite its location and hostile relations with American Indians, John Smith’s harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing.
-In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement.
-Great Britain differed from other European powers by encouraging a large number of permanent settlers to join its colonies.

Question 9

“Starving Time”

Answer 9

• 1609 - 1610
• The Jamestown colonists endured a period of starvation.
• The colonists depended upon trade with local American Indians for food supplies; a series of conflicts limited their ability to trade and farm their own food.
• Many colonists died. and other tried to flee to England;however, English boats arriving with supplies intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown.
• Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement’s survival.
• Great Britain differed from other European powers by encouraging a large number of permanent settlers to join its colonies.

Question 10

Indentured Servitude

Answer 10

• 1600s
• Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years of labor for a planter or company.
• Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights.
• However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment.
• It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s.
• Bacon’s Rebellion made the practice seem riskier to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England limited the supply of servants.
• The Atlantic slave trade grew to make up for the decreased supply of indentured servants in the New World.

Question 11

Headright System

Answer 11

• Introduced in 1618
• The headright system was used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists.
• It promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America.
• It also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land.
• The system solidified the use of indentured servitude until elite planters began to turn away from the practice.
• The Atlantic slave trade grew to make up for the decreased supply of indentured servants in the New World.

Question 12

Characteristics of New England Colonies

Answer 12

• 1600s on
• The New England colonies included present-day New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
• The first colonists of the New England region, Puritans, were driven more by religious reasons than by economic gain.
• Plymouth was the first sizable New England colony, although it was not as successful as the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded a decade later.
• Many towns sprung up in the colony; settlers wanted to build permanent, cohesive communities rather than a shortcut to wealth.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 13

English Puritanism

Answer 13

• 1500s - 1600s
• English Puritanism was a movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology.
• Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained.
• Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church “pure”.
• Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority.
• Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 14

Characteristics of the Chesapeake Region and Middle Colonies

Answer 14

• 1600s on
• The middle colonies included present-day New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
• Chesapeake Bay colonies included present-day Maryland and Virginia.
• Agriculture and exportation helped these colonies establish lasting settlements.
• The middle colonies successfully exported crops and other goods, and the Chesapeake Bay colonies depended heavily on indentured servants and slaves to grow tobacco.

Question 15

Characteristics of the Colonies of the Deep South and the Caribbean

Answer 15

• 1600s on
• Deep South colonies included present-day North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
• Barbados was the most profitable colony in England’s New World empire; its wealth came from sugarcane, which received high prices in England.
• Plantation work in Barbados consisted of long, brutal hours of labor in the heat, and this form of slavery later influenced labor in Southern colonies.
• Southern colonies and settlements in the British islands relied on slave labor to expand their agricultural businesses.

Question 16

Catawba Nation

Answer 16

• 1600s - 1700s
• The Catawba people lived in what would become South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.
• Attempting to work with European settlers, the Catawba sold goods such as moccasins and pottery.
• Settlers provided the Catawba with survival supplies and protection against warring tribes.
• After years of European contact and influence, the Catawba eventually ceded their land to South Carolina in 1840.
• Interactions between European colonists and American Indian tribes created opportunities for economic trade and cultural exchange but also often led to conflict.

Question 17

House of Burgesses

Answer 17

• 1619
• The House of Burgesses was a representative assembly in Virginia and the first representative house in America.
• The House of Burgesses employed qualities of British parliamentary procedure.
• Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote.
• It instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists.
• Great Britain’s colonies in North America adopted many elements of England’s religious, political, and economic culture.

Question 18

The Separatists and Plymouth

Answer 18

• 1620
• Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it.
• One group of Separatists that suffered harassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America.
• Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission.
• Before landing in present-day Massachusetts and creating the Plymouth colony, the pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which established a government guided by the majority.
• William Bradford (1590 - 1657) served as the Plymouth colony’s first governor.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 19

Dutch West India Company

Answer 19

• 1621
• The Dutch West India Company was the joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York.
• It carried on a profitable fur trade with the American Indian Iroquois.
• It instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity).
• -French and Dutch colonies in the New World usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force, in contrast to the Spanish and British.

Question 20

Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Company

Answer 20

• 1629
• The Massachusetts Bay Company was the joint-stock company that a group of Puritans chartered to escape King James I.
• It was led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society. (“A City Upon a Hill”).
• These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving i =n Massachusetts, did not undergo the “starving time” that had often plagued other first-year colonies.
• The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 21

Delaware

Answer 21

• 1631
• Dutch patroons established the first settlement in Delaware.
• The settlement was destroyed by American Indian attacks.
• The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s.
• The English took the land from the Dutch in 1664.
• In 1704, Delaware was permitted to have an assembly of its own, though it shared a governor with Pennsylvania until the American Revolution.
• The middle colonies successfully exported crops and other goods, and the Chesapeake Bay colonies depended heavily on indentured servants and slaves to grow tobacco.

Question 22

Maryland

Answer 22

• 1632
• Maryland became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics.
• George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland.
• Calvert’s son, Cecilius, helped establish a representative assembly.
• Maryland passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important precedent for the development of the United States and its Constitution.
• The middle colonies successfully exported crops and other goods, and the Chesapeake Bay colonies depended heavily on indentured servants and slaves to grow tobacco.

Question 23

Chikasaw Wars

Answer 23

• 1636 - 1639
• The Chickasaw Wars involved the British-allied Chickasaw people and the Choctaw and Illini, who were allied with the French.
• France wanted control of the Mississippi River, and when the Chickasaw refused to cooperate and continued to trade with the British, France waged war.
• The Chickasaw eventually prevailed, but they suffered huge losses and had difficulty finding their place among regional power struggles.
• American Indian groups were drawn into the disputes between European nations, leading to conflict between neighboring peoples and lasting challenges to their way of life.

Question 24

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 24

• 1638
• Anne Hutchinson claimed to have had special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine.
• The leadership of New England accused her of antinomian teachings (antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws).
• Hutchinson was tried and banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638) in what is now known as Rhode Island.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 25

Beaver Wars

Answer 25

• 1640s - 1701
• As the fur trade developed, tension between the Dutch-allied Iroquois and the French-allied Algonquian-speaking tribes led to open warfare.
• The introduction of European firearms and soldiers increased the level of violence.
• After the British replaced the Dutch in New Netherlands, the British allied with the Iroquois.
• The Beaver Wars ended with the Great Peace of Montreal.
• The Iroquois people expanded their territory and influence.
• Contact between the Algonquian Huron tribe and French settlers created epidemics of measles and smallpox, decimating the Huron population.
• American Indian groups were drawn into the disputes between European nations, leading to conflict between neighboring peoples and lasting challenges to their way of life.

Question 26

Rhode Island

Answer 26

• 1644
• Roger Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists.
• Williams bought land from American Indians and founded Providence in 1636; it was soon populated by his many followers.
• Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area.
• The colony granted complete religious tolerance, but it suffered from political turmoil.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 27

Navigation Acts

Answer 27

• 1650 - 1673
• The Navigation Acts dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port.
• The acts served as the foundation of England’s worldwide commercial system; they came out of the economic philosophy or mercantilism.
• Though they were meant to benefit the whole British Empire, their provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of others.
• They were intended as a weapon in England’s ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland.
• European powers often had different aims than their colonies, and disputes eventually arose over how these nations managed such issues.

Question 28

Connecticut

Answer 28

• 1662
• Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts.
• The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony.
• The Connecticut Colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders, which provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote.
• The Fundamental Orders are an example of the growth of political democracy.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 29

The Carolinas

Answer 29

• Granted in 1663
• King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with the Carolinas after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England.
• In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society.
• They experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable, and the Carolinas grew slowly as a result.
• Many colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that they employed proved to be very harsh, with a small number of wealthy planters ruling over a large number of slaves.
• North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, and Britain intervened to make North and South Carolina royal colonies in 1729.
• Southern colonies and settlements in the British islands relied on slave labor to expand their agricultural businesses.

Question 30

New York and New Jersey

Answer 30

• Established 1664
• The last Dutch governor of the colony of New Netherland was Peter Stuyvesant.
• After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, England’s King Charles II gave the title of the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York.
• James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies.
• Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England.
• The region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony; it eventually became a royal colony.
• The middle colonies successfully exported crops and other goods, and the Chesapeake Bay colonies depended heavily on indentured servants and slaves to grow tobacco.

Question 31

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 31

• 1676
• Virginia’s royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for Britain’s benefit.
• Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia, a group that included former indentured servants.
• Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia’s wealthy inner circle; he was also angry about Berkeley’s inability to protect frontiersmen from American Indian attacks.
• Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown; Berkeley eventually ended the rebellion with the aid of British military forces.
• To decrease future conflicts, planters turned more to African slaves for labor.
• The Atlantic slave trade grew to make up for the decreased supply of indentured servants in the New World.

Question 32

African Slaves in the 1600s

Answer 32

• 1600s
• Because African slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost the same level as indentured servants.
• Later in the century, increased importation and population of African slaves in the Southern colonies began.
• Slaves, called “chattel”, came to be seen as property whose status would be inherited by their children.
• The British practice of maintaining slaves a lifelong property had a profound, long-term impact on African culture, relationships, and traditions.

Question 33

Slave Codes

Answer 33

• 1650s - 1860s
• This series of laws limited slave rights.
• Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention.
• The codes prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court.
• American slavery was enforced using a range of methods that included harsh laws, regulations, and restrictions.

Question 34

John Locke and Natural Law

Answer 34

• 1632 - 1704
• Locke was an important English political philosopher of the Enlightenment.
• Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science, and Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm.
• Prior to Locke, there existed a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions for the benefit of society, and a sovereign power would uphold these restrictions.
• Locke’s assertions changed the social contract theory; he held that if governments did not protect life, liberty, and property, their people had the right to overthrow them.
• Locke’s beliefs guided political activity for leaders like Benjamin Franklin and influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence.
• Great Britain’s colonies in North America adopted many elements of England’s religious, political, and economic culture.

Question 35

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)

Answer 35

• 1600s
• The Triangular Trade was created as a result of mercantilism.
• European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies.
• Slaves were transported in horrible conditions to the Caribbean, where merchants sold them for commodities (i.e., sugar, cotton, tobacco).
• Merchants later sold Caribbean commodities in Europe and North America.
• The Atlantic slave trade grew to make up for the decreased supply of indentured servants in the New World.

Question 36

New Hampshire

Answer 36

• Corporate Colony Established 1677
• King Charles II established New Hampshire as a royal colony.
• Early settlers aimed to take advantage of the local fisheries.
• The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts, and Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741.
• Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain.
• New England’s colonies succeeded thanks to their focus on community, their commitment, and the region’s abundant resources.

Question 37

Praying Towns

Answer 37

• 1670s
• Though some New England Indian groups used armed resistance against British colonization, they usually lost decisively.
• Puritan missionaries established praying towns for the American Indians in New England who tried to coexist with settlers.
• Some of these native peoples converted to Christianity and settled on farms.
• Puritans still treated “praying Indians” as second-class citizens, insisting that they wear European-style clothing and abandon their spiritual traditions.
• European colonies regularly clashed with American Indians over land rights and cultural differences.

Question 38

Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

Answer 38

• 1680
• Pueblo Indians in New Mexico grew resentful of Spanish rule.
• A rebellion in Santa Fe killed more than 300 Spaniards.
• Spanish authorities designated a public defender to protect native people’s rights.
• The Pueblo people were allowed to continue their cultural practices, and each family was granted land.
• Spanish colonies grew to accept the lifestyle and practices of the American Indians.

Question 39

Quakers

Answer 39

-Around 1680
-Quakers believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary.
They though they could receive revelations directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible.
-The were pacifists and declined to show deference to their alleged social superiors.
-Denouncing established institutions brought Quakers trouble in both Britain and America.
-They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of American Indians.
-Great Britain’s colonies in North America adopted many elements of England’s religious and economic culture.

Question 40

Pennsylvania

Answer 40

• 1681
• William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers.
• Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land.
• He guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom.
• Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe and the colony established itself as one of the New World’s largest food producers by the early 1700s.
• The middle colonies successfully exported crops and other goods, and the Chesapeake Bay colonies depended heavily on indentured servants and slaves to grow tobacco.

Question 41

Dominion of New England

Answer 41

• 1686-1689
• The Dominion of New England was an administration body created by Kind James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region.
• The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meetings, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on behalf of the Church of England.
• New England colonists had originally been in favor of voluntary association, but the Dominion was unpopular because of these impositions.
• England’s Glorious Revolution inspired New Englanders to topple the Dominion.
• Great Britain’s early attempts to control the colonies were followed by the British Empire allowing the colonies to manage their affairs without extensive oversight.

Question 42

Salutary Neglect

Answer 42

• 1721 - 1763
• Salutary neglect was a relationship in which the British Parliament somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference.
• Britain followed the policy of salutary neglect partly because of the challenges of enforcing laws in a broad empire.
• Britain also wanted to avoid actions that would impede the profitable trade North America produced.
• Great Britain’s early attempts to control the colonies were followed by the British Empire allowing the colonies to manage their affairs without extensive oversight.

Question 43

Georgia

Answer 43

• Chartered in 1732
• James Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist and soldier, charted the colony.
• Settler included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants.
• Some settlers were financed by the colony;s board of trustees, including band of prisoners from British jails.
• After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida.
• Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement at first.
• Southern colonies and settlements in the British islands relied on slave labor a=to expand their agriculture businesses.

Question 44

John Peter Zenger

Answer 44

• 1697 - 1746
• John Peter Zenger was a German American newspaper publisher and printer.
• His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press.
• The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren (1953 - 1969) would later reinvigorate free press rights.
• The case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures.
• During the period of Salutary Neglect, the British colonies developed ideas, practices, and notions of self-government that were distinct from Great Britain’s and that laid the foundation for revolution.

Question 45

First Great Awakening

Answer 45

• 1720s - 1740s
• The First Great Awakening was a series of emotional religious revivals that occurred throughout the colonies (prevalent in New England).
• Preachers spread a message of personal repentance and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell.
• The First Great Awakening suggested equality between God and the Bible.
• George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”) became its most dynamic preachers.
• While the Awakening generated debate over religion, its ideas helped build connections between the colonies.
• During the period of Salutary Neglect, the British colonies developed ideas, practices, and notions of self-government that were distinct from Great Britain’s and that laid the foundation for revolution.

Question 46

French and Indian War

Answer 46

-1748 - 1763
-The French and India War was a result of a rivalry between France, Britain and various American Indian tribes over land in the Ohio region.
It was one of a series of conflicts fought between France and England throughout the world collectively known as the “Seven Years’ War.”
-Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada.
-The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war.
-It was during these events that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader.
-The growth of English colonization impinged on French and American Indian relations, causing conflicts for both English colonists and native tribes.

Question 47

The Enlightenment

Answer 47

-1700s
-Enlightenment philosophy connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned, no supernatural controls exist, and reason can explain all things.
-According to Enlightenment philosophy, human reason is adequate to solve mankind’s problems, so people need less faith in God as an active force.
‘The philosophy suggests the importance of individual talent over inherited privilege.
-These ideas moved from Europe to influence the New World’s culture and intellectualism.
-Important Enlightenment writers include Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Rene Descartes.
-During the period of Salutary Neglect, the British colonies developed ideas, practices, and notions of self-government that were distinct from Great Britain’s and that laid the foundation for revolution.

Question 48

Republicanism

Answer 48

• 1700s
• When the United States began the road to independence, people generally agreed that it would become a republic: a country in which people held power rather than a monarch.
• A republic was a radical idea as nearly none had developed since Roman times.
• Some believed citizens of a republic should demonstrate civic virtue, put the interests of the community first, and lead simple, productive lives (a view similar to the Roman era).
• Others were inspired by philosopher Adam Smith and the idea of economic freedom, and they argued that people should pursue their own self-interest.
• These perspectives shaped man y of the debates in the early United States.
• During the period of Salutary Neglect, the British colonies developed ideas, practices, and notions of self-government that were distinct from Great Britain’s and that laid the foundation for revolution.