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A-Level Chemistry > 18 - Transition elements > Flashcards

18 - Transition elements Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a transition element?

A

A d-block element that forms an ion with an incomplete d sub-shell

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2
Q

Which elements in d-block aren’t transition metals?

A

Scandium and zinc

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3
Q

Why is scandium not a transition metal?

A

Forms Sc 3+ meaning the d sub-shell is empty

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4
Q

Why is zinc not a transition metal?

A

Only forms Zn 2+ so it has only full d-subshells

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5
Q

What are the exceptions to the spin pair distribution of transition metals? Explain

A

Chromium and copper only have 4s^1 and have an extra one in 3d instead

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6
Q

What is different about the appearance of different ions for the same element?

A

They have different colours

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7
Q

Why do ions actually have colours?

A

Light is absorbed and we see the colours not absorbed

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8
Q

What happens to white solids when they form solutions?

A

The solution is always colourless

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9
Q

What are the 3 properties of TRANSITION metals?

A

Different oxidation states

Act as heterogeneous catalysts

Different colours

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10
Q

What is the contact process and what is the catalyst?

A

2SO~2 + O~2 –> 2SO~3

With V~2 O~5 catalyst

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11
Q

What is the catalyst for reacting zinc with an acid?

A

Cu 2+ catalyst

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12
Q

Define ligand

A

A ligand is a molecule or ion that can donate a pair of electron to form a dative covalent bond with a transition metal

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13
Q

What is the condition to be a ligand?

A

Must have lone pairs of electrons in the outer energy level. These are used to form co-ordinate bonds with the metal ion.

All ligands are lone pair donors

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14
Q

Define complex ion

A

A transition metal ion bonded to one or more ligands by dative covalent bonds

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15
Q

What is coordination number?

A

Number of dative bonds to central ion

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16
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

Where only one atom in the ligand has a lone pair

It only bonds to the central ion with one bond

17
Q

What are the 6 main ligands and what are their oxidation numbers?

A

H~2 O is 0

NH~3 is 0

SCN (thiocyanate) is -1

CN (cyanide) is -1

Cl- is -1

OH- is -1

18
Q

How do you write the formula of a complex ion?

e.g. Copper(II) ion with one OH and 5 water ligands.

A

A copper(II) ion with one OH and 5 water ligands is:

[Cu OH (H~2 O)~5] +

The +ve charge is the sum of all charges in complex ion

19
Q

When there are 4 ligands, what shape is formed?

A

Tetrahedral

20
Q

What is the exception to the tetrahedral, 4 ligand idea?

A

Nickel, platinum, palladium and gold make a square planar shape instead

21
Q

What are Cis and Trans complex ions?

A

When you have multiple ligands of 2 different types of molecule

Trans is where the same group ligands are opposite each other in the shape

Cis is where this isn’t true

22
Q

What is Cis-platin?

A

A very effective cancer drug which binds to DNA

23
Q

What are bidentate ligands?

A

Ligands that form 2 different dative bonds with the central ion

24
Q

What is the name and charge of C~2 O~4?

A

Ethanedioate with a 2- charge

25
Q

What type of ligand is ethanedioate?

A

A bidentate ligand

26
Q

What is EDTA?

A

A hexadentate ligand with 6 lone pairs

27
Q

Give 4 uses of EDTA

A

Reduces water hardness

Food stabiliser

Prevents clotting if needed in medical procedures

Treats lead or mercury poisoning

28
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Complex ions which are mirror images of each other

They are actually different

29
Q

which isomers (cis or trans) have optical isomers

A

Only Cis have optical isomers

30
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

Transfers oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out

31
Q

How does haemoglobin work?

A

The oxygen and carbon dioxide act as ligands to the haemoglobin

32
Q

What is haemoglobin with oxygen called?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

33
Q

Why can the oxygen and carbon dioxide detach and attach to the haemoglobin so easily?

A

The bond that they attach to is weak

34
Q

How does carbon monoxide harm people?

A

Carbon monoxide acts as a ligand and bonds to the haemoglobin

But the bond is strong when it is CO so it is very hard to detach the CO

35
Q

What are the 2 half equations for the following reaction:

2Al + Fe~2 O~3 –> 2Fe + Al~2 O~3

A

Al –> Al 3+ + 3e-

Fe 3+ + 3e- –> Fe

36
Q

If you know that one of the reactants is MnO~4 - and one of the products is Mn 2+

Show how you work out the equation step by step

A

Firstly, you ALWAYS balance the oxygens by putting H~2 O’s on the other side:

MnO~4 - –> Mn 2+ + 4H~2 O

Now you balance the hydrogens by putting H+ on the other side

MnO~4 - + 8H+ –> Mn 2+ + 4H~2 O

You then count the oxidation numbers and put electrons in to balance the oxidation numbers:

MnO~4 - + 8H+ + 5e- –> Mn 2+ + 4H~2 O

A-Level Chemistry (25 decks)

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