12 - Haloalkanes Flashcards
What is the haloalkane functional group?
F, Cl, Br etc
whatever the halogen is
What is the haloalkane general formula?
C~n H~(2n + 1) X
Where X is the halogen
What are the 2 main ways of making haloalkanes?
Free radical substitution
Alcohol substitution
What happens to do with dipoles in haloalkanes?
The X gets a delta -
The C attached to it gets a delta +
Due to a significant electronegativity difference
Define nucleophile
A lone pair donor
What properties must a chemical have to be a nucleophile?
Anything with a lone pair OR negative charge
How do nucleophiles act around haloalkanes?
They are attracted to the delta + carbon
What is hydrolysis?
Where water is used as the nucleophile in nucleophilic substitution
What are the hydrolysis conditions and reagents?
Hot aqueous sodium / potassium hydroxide
A reflux
What is the overall reaction of hydrolysis?
For C~3 H~7 Cl as the haloalkane:
C~3 H~7 Cl + OH-
–>
C~3 H~8 O + Cl-
What are the reagents used to measure rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes?
Water
AgNO~3
Ethanol
Why are water and ethanol rate of hydrolysis reagents?
Water is nucleophile
Ethanol is solvent to allow mixing
What is the ionic equation for silver and halide ions in rate of hydrolysis?
Ag+ + X- –> AgX
What is the overall rate hydrolysis equation?
Haloalkane + water + AgNO~3
–>
Alcohol (from haloalkane) + HNO~3 + AgX
What is the precipitate formed in rate of hydrolysis?
AgX
Silver halide
