Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Public Health 150 > 18. International Health and Intervention Strategies 12/4 > Flashcards

18. International Health and Intervention Strategies 12/4 Flashcards

1
Q

GLOBAL HEALTH

A 
Common health problems across borders
Health disparities
Between countries
 Within countries
 Global responsibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

COMMON PROBLEMS ACROSS BORDERS (1)

A

Pandemics; e.g. HIV/AIDS, SARS, H5N1, cholera
Environmental issues; e.g., Songhua/Amur River, Nov 2005
Surveillance and control; e.g., H5N1, H1N1
Immunization programs (polio eradication)
Regulations; e.g., inter-country control of toxic/infectious materials, air pollutants (e.g., crop burning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

COMMON PROBLEMS ACROSS BORDERS (2)

A

Migration; e.g. international migrant groups
Refugees
War
Global warming
Natural disasters (e.g., tsunamis, earthquakes)
Food safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HEALTH DISPARITIES

A

Within countries
Gender
Ethnic minorities
Economic
Educational
Health and health care access
Between countries
Developing countries; e.g., Bangladesh, Laos
Transitional countries; e.g., China, Brazil
Developed countries; e.g., USA, Europe, Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

THE LEADING CAUSE OF POOR HEALTH GLOBALLY IS

A

POVERTY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Water Sources and Usage

A

Nearly 97% of the planet’s water is salt water in seas
and oceans
Close to 2% of Earth’s water is frozen in polar ice
sheets and glaciers
Only a fraction of 1% is available for drinking,
irrigation, and industrial use
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lack of Clean Water and Safe Waste Disposal

A

The average American uses a hundred gallons of water at home every day
In developing countries, nearly one billion people worldwide have no access to clean water
2.5 billion people (40% of world’s population) have no safe way to dispose of human waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dirty Water and Lack of Hygiene

A

Dirty water and lack of a toilet and proper hygiene kill 3.3 million people around the world annually, most of them children under age five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reasons for Lack of Clean Water

A

Climate (drought, deforestation, climate
changes) and dropping water tables worldwide
(unsustainable rate of water use)
Poverty (inability to build wells or to afford
piped water or water purification tablets if
available)
Rural dwellers- remote, sparsely populated,
drought-stricken villages of the world are least
likely to be reached for water provision,
education, etc.
Pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Waterborne Illnesses and Parasites

A

According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of diarrheal diseases (2,533 million cases) topped all other diseases in the Southeast Asian (SEARO) and Western Pacific (WPRO) regions in 2004, accounting for 72.8 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) - 4.8% of all DALYS worldwide due to both infectious and non-infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diarrheal Diseases (1)

A

According to the World Health Organization in 2005, 1.8 million people died of diarrheal diseases, nearly 70% of whom were young children
Worldwide, diarrheal diseases are the third leading cause of mortality and morbidity (exceeded only by lower respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diarrheal Diseases (2)

A

Oral-fecal route of infection (contaminated water and food)
Leads to rapid dehydration and inability to absorb nutrients from food; survivors may have impaired growth and development, malnutrition, long-term GI disorders, reduced immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Steps to Reduce Waterborne Diseases

A 
Safe disposal of human waste (latrines)
 Hand washing
 Education about sanitation
 Piped treated water
 Food safety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Politics of Water

A

The United Nation’s General Assembly voted to make water a basic human right. But 41 countries, including the United States, opted out, saying they were waiting for more data!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION

A

The worst of both worlds
Infectious diseases persist
Diseases of affluence (e.g. cardiovascular) increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SETTING PRIORITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

A

e.g., HIV vs. malaria

numbers, severity, impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Public Health Intervention Strategies

A

Biologic; e.g., vaccines
Behavioral – individual, community
Political – lobbying
Structural – laws and regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Biological Strategies

A 
Immunizations
Prophylaxis
Improved nutrition
Mother and child health programs
Microbicides
Improved sanitation
Improved water quality (including oceans, etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Behavioral Strategies

A

Promote good health habits; e.g., exercise, diet
School health programs
Promote immunization programs and other interventions
TV, radio and media public health messages
Promote safe sexual behavior
Incentives

20
Q

Political Strategies

A

Lobby legislators
Promote healthy, safe communities
Promote and enforce appropriate health laws and regulations
Promote universal access to health care, especially preventive care
Improve standard of living (e.g., housing)
Reduce poverty and inequalities

21
Q

Structural Strategies (1)

A

Monitoring and surveillance of diseases and health hazards
Safe drinking water
Safe waste disposal
Regulations to protect workers
Regulate driving (e.g., speed limits, auto and road safety)
Legislation and regulations for safety; e.g., occupational, vehicular, roads, etc.

22
Q

Structural Strategies (2)

A

Laws to ban smoking, require helmets, etc.
Regulate air and water quality (ocean, lakes, waterways)
Enforcement of health and safety laws
Establish safe communities and parks
Establish universal medical access
Taxation (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol)
Regulation of drugs and food (FDA)

23
Q

Using Anxiety as a Public Health Tool

A

Level of Anxiety

Too little-no action
Sufficient -appropriate action
Too much -fatalism and no action

24
Q

Isolation and Quarantine

A

Isolation of cases (e.g., SARS, Ebola)
Quarantine of exposed individuals (e.g., yellow fever, SARS, H1N1)
Culling (murder) of diseased flocks, herds (e.g., H5N1)

25
Q

Eradication

A 
Eradicated:
Smallpox
Dracunculus (close)
Targeted:
Polio?
Measles?
26
Q

Improved Standard of Living (1)

A

Less crowding decreases respiratory spread (e.g., TB)
Better quality of food (fresh, healthy, and uncontaminated) decreases gastrointestinal and chronic diseases
Year-round access to vegetables and fruit (eliminates vitamin deficiency diseases such as beri beri)

27
Q

Improved Standard of Living (2)

A

Refrigeration allows fewer preserved foods (salted or chemically modified), which may reduce some cancers
Improved nutrition
Promotion of education
Reduced poverty
Better methods of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention (structural, behavioral, and medical)

28
Q

Objectives of Vaccination

A

Prevent infection
Prevent disease
Prevent transmission

29
Q

Requirements for a Vaccine

A

Must be safe
Should be easy to administer (e.g., nasal spray, oral)
Must elicit a protective immune response
Must stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity
Must protect against all variants of the agent
Must provide long-lasting immunity
Must be practical to produce, transport and administer (e.g., lyophilized)

30
Q

Vaccines - Sociopolitical Considerations

A

Cost of development – federal government and/or private industry?
Responsibility for liability – federal government, industry, or insurance companies?
Priorities for funding and distribution of vaccine
Appropriateness and acceptability of vaccine for target population(s)

31
Q

Primary Issues for Vaccine Evaluation

A

Evaluation/testing procedures (animal models?)
Level of efficacy against infection
Level of efficacy against transmissibility
Level of efficacy against clinical disease
Acceptability

32
Q

Innovative Strategies

A

Smallpox eradication(search and contain)

33
Q

Popular Opinion Leader Model(targeting of natural leaders in a social group)

A

Examples
Gay bars
Markets in Fuzhou, China
Dormitories in St. Petersburg, Russia

34
Q

Community Intervention

A

Getting the community to recognize the problem
Getting the community to accept responsibility and implement change
Changing community norms (e.g., smoking, condoms)
Co-opt business marketing strategies

35
Q

Legislative Change

A

Requires political will
To be effective, also requires enforcement (e.g., smoking prohibition, seat belt laws, maximum highway speeds, safety regulations, pollution laws)
Requires constant vigilance (e.g., attempts to repeal of motorcycle helmet laws, weaken pollution laws, and environmental protection etc)

36
Q

Need for Evaluation of Intervention Strategies

A

Some logical interventions are unsuccessful
Continuation of ineffective interventions prevents implementation of other potentially successful interventions, and wastes money and personnel
Elements of evaluation

37
Q

Elements of Evaluation (1)

A

Are the appropriate risk groups and areas identified and targeted (e.g. HIV/AIDS vaccine)?
Is the intervention strategy culturally and economically appropriate and acceptable to the target group and the community? (e.g., township health workers in China and changes in blood collection strategy)

38
Q

Elements of Evaluation (2)

A

How is the effectiveness of the intervention strategy measured (process variables (e.g., number of vaccine recipients) vs. outcome (e.g., reduction in incidence of disease)?
Is the existing public health system and community structure a part of the evaluation scheme?
Is the strategy cost-effective?
Can the intervention be scaled up?

39
Q

TAKE-HOME MESSAGES

A

Sleep 7-8 hours per night
Eat breakfast
Brush your teeth
Take the bus, save the environment
Cultivate a social network, promote your community
Exercise regularly, use the stairs, not the elevator
Drive safely
Don’t do it – BUT if you must, wear a condom
Be kind to your professor!

40
Q

COmmon problems across borders pandemics

A

HIV/AIDS, SARS, H5N1, Chloera

41
Q

Water sources and usage

A

nearly 97% of the planet’s water is salt water in seas and oceans.
Close to 2% of earth’s water is frozen in polar ice sheets and glaciers.
Only a fraction of 1% is available for drinking, irrigation, adn industrial use.
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use

42
Q

Lack of clean water and safe waste disposal

A

The average american uses a hundred gallons of water at home every day
In developing coutnries, nearly one billion people worldwide have no access to clean water
2.5 billion people (40% of world’s population) have no safe way to dispose of human waste

43
Q

Pandemics

A

HIV/AIDS, SARS, H5N1, cholera, polio in Syria

44
Q

Environmental issues;

A

Songhua/Amur River, Nov 2005 china split mercury into the river and that river goes into Russia. All the factories had to close water supplies because it was contaminated.

45
Q

Surveillance and control

A

H5N1, H1N1

46
Q

Regulations;

A

e.g., inter-country control of toxic/infectious materials, air pollutants (e.g., crop burning)

Public Health 150 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions