Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Public Health 150 > 17a. Surveillance 12/2 > Flashcards

17a. Surveillance 12/2 Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINITIONS OF SURVEILLANCE

LANGMUIR, 1963

A

“The continued watchfulness over the distribution and trends of incidence through the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data, together with dissemination to those who need to know.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DEFINITIONS OF SURVEILLANCE

D.A. HENDERSON, 1976

A

“Surveillance serves as the brain and nervous system for programs to prevent and control disease.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DEFINITIONS OF SURVEILLANCE

A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 4th ed, 2001 (J.M. Last (ed))

A

“Systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of data and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that the action can be taken”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
DEFINITIONS OF SURVEILLANCE
KEY ELEMENTS (Detels, 1989)
A 
Collection of health data expressly for use in health planning, disease control/ prevention, and/or health promotion
Ongoing collection of data
Timely analysis
Easily understood
Dissemination of results
Action based on results
Periodic evaluation of the system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

USES OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS (1)

A

To monitor changes or trends in health factors:
Prevalence/incidence of disease and/or risk factors
Emerging diseases
Geographic distribution
Risk group distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

USES OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS (2)

A 
detect outbreaks/early warning systems
Human disease
Zoonotic diseases; e.g., SARS, H5N1
Food safety
Drug-resistant organisms (e.g., MDR-TB)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

USES OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS (3)

A

To provide health information that can be used to design rational intervention programs
To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies (e.g., vaccines, health education/behavioral programs, legislation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Surveillance vs. screening

A

Data collection to measure magnitude, changes, and trends in populations
The objective is intervention in defined populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Screening vs. surviellance

A

Testing to identify individuals with infection or disease
Objective is either:
Personal intervention
Protection of the public (e.g., blood donors)
Measurement of prevalence in screened populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVEILLANCE

A 
Diagnostic algorithm
Staff members
Sampling frame
Access/network
Competent laboratory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

SURVEILLANCE VS. FINDING THE RESERVOIR

A

For surveillance, want a representative sample

For finding the reservoir, want to find infected individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

DEFINING A CASE

A 
Quickly and easily defined
Selecting the right test or definition
Easy, specific
Clinical versus epidemiological diagnostic criteria
Function over precision
Disease versus infection
i.e., AIDS and HIV infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

SELECTING THE POPULATION

A 
Defining the selection criteria
Human populations
Zoonotic populations
Gaining access to target populations
NGOs/support groups
Obtaining and maintaining cooperation of target population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE STRATEGY

A

Need for cultural sensitivity
Understanding the implications and limitations of different strategies
Selecting the appropriate surveillance strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Analysis

A 
Changes in prevalence of:
	Infection
	Disease
	Risk activities
Establishment of:
	Trends
	New reservoirs
	New foci (groups/locations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

A 
Timely data processing
Results and action
Interpretation
Facilitating appropriate action based on
		surveillance results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

EVALUATION AND REVISIONS

A

Importance of ongoing evaluation
Revising the surveillance program
When and why

18
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

A 
Passive = reporting
Hospitals
Laboratories
Clinics
Physicians
Active = searching
19
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

EVENT-BASED REPORTS

A

Global Public Health Intelligence Network:
Websites, news wires, newspapers
Health Map Project:
Mapping of outbreaks from reservoirs and monitoring of electronic sources; and
Official alerts and surveillance reports
EpiSPIDER:
Merging of relevant data from Health Map, the Data Disaster Alert Coordinator System and ProcMED mail
Regional (e.g., Mekong infectious disease reporting)

20
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

SENTINEL GROUPS

A

High-risk individuals
Vulnerable individuals
Exposed individuals (e.g., health workers)
Population surrogates (e.g., antenatal women; asthmatics)

21
Q

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

SENTINEL GROUPS

A 
Previous reports of high prevalence
Exposure to high-risk individuals
Suspected concentration of high-risk groups
Susceptible/vulnerable groups
Cross-border regions
Commercial centers
22
Q

THE MAJOR PRODUCTS OF A SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

A

The identity and location of the core
transmitters (reservoirs)
Trends in prevalence in risk groups, the
surrogates of the general population and
geographic areas (spread)
Trends in incidence (e.g., estimated from
prevalence in the youngest age groups;
i.e., those who have the shortest
cumulative exposure interval, or
laboratory strategies – detuned ELISA)

23
Q

THE MAJOR PRODUCTS OF A SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM (continued)

A

Estimates that can be used for “advocacy”
messages to recruit support and educate
the public and decision-makers
Estimates of the number, location and
characteristics of cases that can be used
to anticipate future needs to cope with
the epidemic

24
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (1)

A

Early warning of epidemic
- Incidence and prevalence in high-risk groups/areas
Identification of size and scope of epidemic
- Incidence and prevalence in high- and low-risk groups,
by time and geographic region
Short-term evaluation of control efforts
- Change in EFFECT variables (i.e., risk factors) in
high- and low-risk groups
Long-term evaluation of control efforts
- Incidence and prevalence in high- and low-risk groups
Stimulate political and social action

25
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (2)

A

Early warning of HIV epidemic
- HIV incidence/prevalence in high-risk
groups

26
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (3)

A

Identification of size and scope of HIV epidemic
- HIV prevalence in high- and low-risk
groups, by time and geographic
region

27
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (4)

A

Short-term evaluation of HIV/AIDS control efforts

- Change in prevalence
- Change in EFFECT variables (i.e., risk
     factors) in high- and low-risk groups
28
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (5)

A

Long-term evaluation of HIV/AIDS control efforts
- HIV incidence in high- and low-risk
groups

29
Q

VALUE OF SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE (6)

A

Stimulate political and social action

30
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

A 
Sensitivity
Timeliness
Representativeness
Predictive value positive
Acceptability
Flexibility
Simplicity
Cost/benefit
Dissemination of results
Appropriate action taken
31
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

SENSITIVITY

A

What proportion of “cases” are identified?

Does the system give an accurate picture of trends and magnitudes?

32
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

TIMELINESS

A

Is information disseminated rapidly enough to permit timely action based on the surveillance system?

33
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

REPRESENTATIVENESS

A

Do reported cases differ

from unreported cases?

34
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

PREDICTIVE VALUE POSITIVE

A

What proportion of those identified actually have the disease or factor?

35
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

ACCEPTABILITY

A

Does the system stimulate the cooperation of respondents?

Does the process discourage participation?

36
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

FLEXIBILITY

A

Can changes be easily made in the system to reflect changes in trends, magnitude, and other relevant factors?

37
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

SIMPLICITY

A

Can the system be simplified and still obtain the necessary information?

38
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

COST/BENEFIT

A

Is the system worth the cost?

Can costs be reduced without sacrificing the essential quality of the system (e.g., each 12 vs each 6 months)?

39
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

A

To decision-makers
To data collectors
To the general public

40
Q

EVALUATION OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

APPROPRIATE ACTION TAKEN

A

Are appropriate actions taken in response to the surveillance data?
Does surveillance lead to effective intervention?

41
Q

DISSEMINATION

A

Decision-makers
Staff (motivation)
Public

Public Health 150 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions