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MoD > 18 - Characteristics of Tumours > Flashcards

18 - Characteristics of Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Histogenic classification

A

Classification of the tumour by the specific cell or tissue of origin

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2
Q

Epithelial cell tumours

A

Carcinomas

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3
Q

Connective tissue tumours

A

Sarcomas

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4
Q

Lymphoid

Haematopoietic organs

A

Lymphomas/leukaemias

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5
Q

Characterising tumours

A

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis

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6
Q

Malignant tumours vs benign tumours growth wise

A

malignant tumours tend to grow more rapidly than benign tumours but many exceptions to this

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7
Q

differentiation definition

A

the extent that neoplastic cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells, morphologically and functionally

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8
Q

benign tumour differentiation

A

usually well-differentiated and mitoses are rare

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9
Q

malignant neoplasm differentiation

A

wide-range of parenchymal differentiation where most exhibit morphological alterations

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10
Q

anaplasia

A

neoplasms comprised of poorly-differentiated cells are described as anaplastic

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11
Q

differentiation - morphological changes

A 
pleomorphism
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitoses
loss of polarity
other changes
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12
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in size or shape

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13
Q

differentiation in abnormal cells

A

nuclear appear too large e.g. nuclear:cytoplasm ratio of 1:1 vs 1:6

Variable nuclear shape
Chromatin distribution
Hyperchromatism
Abnormally large nuclei

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14
Q

Mitoses in abnormal cells

A

An indication of proliferation
Seen in normal tissues with rapid turnover and in hyperplasias but weird mitosis can occur in malignant cells e.g. multipolar, trikaryokinesis

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15
Q

Loss of polarity means what

A

orientation of cells disturbed and there is disorganised growth

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16
Q

Well differentiated means:

A

closely resembles origin tissue with little or no anaplasia

Mostly benign

17
Q

Moderately differentiated means:

A

somewhere inbetween

18
Q

poorly differentiated means:

A

little resemblance to tissue origin

highly anaplastic appearance

19
Q

undifferentiated / anaplastic

A

cannot be identified by morphology alone and needs molecular techniques

20
Q

Grading and differentiation

A

Well differentiated = low/one
Moderately = intermediate/two
Poorly = high/three

21
Q

Grading vs stage

A

Stage is a measure of prognostication / therapeutic decisions

22
Q

A change in function can be called a … syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

23
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A 
Corticotrophin
Parathyroid-like hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
Others
24
Q

Benign tumours encapsulate… what does this mean

A

rim of compressed fibrous tissue around the outside.

ECM (extracellular matrix) deposited by stromal cells activated by hypoxia from pressure of tumour

The tissue plane is: discrete, moveable, easily palpable and easily excised.

25
Q

Pseudoencapsulation in malignant tumours

A

usually slow-growing but, microscopically, shows rows of cells penetrating margin

26
Q

methods of metastasis

A

direct seeding
lymphatic spread
haematogenous spread

27
Q

Direct seeding is

A

neoplasm penetrating a natural open field w/o physical barriers e.g. subarachnoid

28
Q

most common spread of mets

A

lymphatic

29
Q

carcinomas spread by…

A

lymphatics

30
Q

sarcomas spread by…

A

haematogenous

31
Q

carcinoma vs sarcoma

A

sarcoma is for mesodermal tissue

carcinoma is for epithelial tissue

32
Q

Sentinel node definition

A

The first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumour

33
Q

haematogenous spread features

A

typical of sarcomas

veins are more easily penetrated - thinner walls

bloodbourne cells follow the venous flow draining site of the neoplasm - rests in first encountered capillary bed

34
Q

stroma definition

A

connective tissue framework that neoplastic cell are embedded in

35
Q

what does stroma supply

A

mechanical support
intercellular signalling
nutrition

36
Q

desmoplastic rxn

A

fibrous stroma formation due to induction of connective tissue fibroblast proliferation by growth factors from the tumour cells

37
Q

Stroma contains:

A

cancer-associated fibroblasts
myofibroblasts
blood vessels
lymphocytic infiltrate

38
Q

Cachexia

A

profound weight-loss despite apparent adequate nutrition

tumour-derived humoral effects that interfere with protein metabolism

39
Q

Warburg effect

A

Produces energy by high rate of glycolysis with fermentation of lactic acid. This is what is imaged in PET scan

MoD (20 decks)

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