1.8

Question 1

Genomics

Answer 1

Is the study of genomes, by genetic sequencing and use of bioinformatics

Question 2

Genomic sequencing

Answer 2

The sequence of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes and entire genomes. To compare sequence data, computer and statistical analyses (bioinformatics) are required

Question 3

Bioinformatics can be used to investigate:

Answer 3

Evolutionary biology
Inheritance
Personalised medicine

Question 4

Phylogenetics.
_______ ________ involves the _______ of the ______ or ___ ________ of these different groups of organisms to identify how _____ or _____ related they are

Answer 4

Is the study of the evolutionary relationships (phylogenies) between different groups of organisms.
Molecular phylogenetics
Comparison 
Genomes
DNA sequences
Closely
Distantly

Question 5

A _______ ____ is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

Answer 5

Phylogenetic tree

Question 6

Closely related species are found to have genomes _____________________

Answer 6

That are very similar in the sequence of their nucleotide bases

Question 7

Molecular phylogenetics

Answer 7

The greater the number of differences, the longer the time since the point of divergence

Question 8

Three domains of living things

Answer 8

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes

Question 9

Sequence of evolutionary events: 4500-3500 millions of years ago

Answer 9

Evolution of life on earth

Question 10

Sequence of evolutionary events: 3900-2500 millions of years ago

Answer 10

Evolution of cells similar to prokaryotes

Question 11

Sequence of evolutionary events: 3500 millions of years ago

Answer 11

Evolution of last universal ancestor

Question 12

Sequence of evolutionary events: 2700 millions of years ago

Answer 12

Evolution of prokaryotes able to photosynthesise

Question 13

Sequence of evolutionary events: 1850 millions of years ago

Answer 13

Evolution of eukaryotes

Question 14

Sequence of evolutionary events: 1200 millions of years ago

Answer 14

Evolution of multicellular organisms

Question 15

Sequence of evolutionary events: 580-500 millions of years ago

Answer 15

Evolution of animals

Question 16

Sequence of evolutionary events: 485 millions of years ago

Answer 16

Evolution of vertebrates

Question 17

Sequence of evolutionary events: 435 millions of years ago

Answer 17

Evolution of land plants

Question 18

Describe how molecular clocks work to help us workout how species have evolved

Answer 18

• mutations bring about the gradual change in DNA/ RNA over time (e.g. nucleotide substitution)
• the number of nucleotide substitutions between related organisms is compared
• the length of time since divergence in the organisms can be estimated
• this is more accurate than using fossil evidence alone
• the assumption is made that mutation rate is constant affects reliability

Question 19

Describe how personal genomics could be used now or in the future

Answer 19

• genetic disorder or disease is a result of mutation in genome of organism
• pharmocogenetics is the study of genetic variation and the human response to drugs
• variation in DNA already linked to diabetes/ heart disease (any other correct disorder)
• in the future genomes will be scanned for predisposition to disease
• the results of scanning will be able to predict risk
• the risk will be reduced by applying appropriate drug treatment/ adapting lifestyle