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cfe Higher Biology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A cells _________ is determined by the proteins that are synthesised when the genes are expressed. These are influenced by ______ and ____-_______ environmental factors

A

Phenotype
Intra
Extra-cellular

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2
Q

A cells ________ is determined by the sequence of DNA bases in its genes

A

Genotype

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3
Q

The phenotype is determined by _______ produced as a result of gene expression. Only a fraction of the genes are expressed in a particular cell

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Gene expression is controlled by the regulation of _________ and ________

A

Transcription

Translation

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5
Q

Formation of polypeptide chains

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds form between certain amino acids in a polypeptide chain causing the chain to become coiled/ folded
  2. As the protein folds, interactions between other amino acids can occur, more hydrogen bonds are formed as sulfur bridges
  3. These bonds are important as they cause the protein to adopt the 3D shape needed to perform its function
  4. A polypeptide may also need to be cut to become active or be combined with another polypeptide
  5. Non-protein components can also be required such as carbohydrate or phosphate group
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6
Q

Vital proteins in living cells include;

A

Enzymes
Structural proteins
Hormones
Antibodies

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7
Q

What is RNA

A

Stands for RiboNucleic Acid, it is a similar molecule to DNA. It is a single stranded molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of ribose sugar, a phosphate and a base (Uracil replaces Thymine)

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8
Q

Types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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9
Q

________ is the formation of ______ in the ________, using DNA as a template. ________ is formed in the ________ from free nucleotides and carried a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome (where protein synthesis occurs)

A 
Transcription
mRNA
Nucleus 
mRNA 
Nucleus
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10
Q

_________ is the formation of a _______ from mRNA at a ________

A

Translation
Protein
Ribosome

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11
Q

Transcription definition

A

The synthesis (copying) of mRNA strand from a section of DNA

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12
Q

A _______ is a region of DNA in a gene where transcription starts

A

Promoter

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13
Q

In eukaryotes long stretches of DNA exist which don’t code for proteins - called ______. Coding regions are called ________

A

Introns

Exons

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14
Q

Splicing: the _______ are cut out from the primary transcript of mRNA and the ______ are ________ ________ to form mRNA with continuous sequences of nucleotides coding for proteins. The ______ _____ then passes out of the nucleus via a poor in the nucleus membrane into the cytoplasm

A

Introns
Exons
Spliced together
Mature mRNA

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15
Q

Definition of translation

A

Is the synthesis of protein as a polypeptide chain under the direction of mRNA

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16
Q

Binding sites on a ribosome - 3 sites - and each sites function

A

Site A - holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be joined to the growing chain by a peptide bond
Site P - holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
Site E - discharges a tRNA from the ribosomes once it’s amino acid has become part of the polypeptide chain

17
Q

Write notes in the translation of mRNA in protein synthesis (7)

A
  1. mRNA contains the codon and tRNA contains the anticodon
  2. The ribosome binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA
  3. The anticodon allows tRNA to carry a specific amino acid
  4. tRNA transports amino acid to the ribosome from the cytoplasm
  5. Site A holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
  6. Site P holds the tRNA with the next amino acid to be joined
  7. Site E discharges the tRNA from the ribosome
  8. A peptide bond forms between each amino acid
  9. Amino acids form a polypeptide Chaim
  10. tRNA is recycled/ picks up another amino acid in the cytoplasm
18
Q

A polypeptide chain may need to be ______(_______) by _______ to become active

A

Cut (cleaved)

Enzymes

19
Q

Describe the role of RNA in protein synthesis (7)

A
  1. mRNA carries information/ code (for proteins) from the nucleus/ from DNA
  2. mRNA attaches to ribosome
  3. Three bases on mRNA is a codon
  4. tRNA transports amino acids to ribosome
  5. tRNA transports specific amazing acids
  6. Three bases on tRNA is an anticodon
  7. Codons math/ pair with their anticodon a
  8. Joins/ adds correct amino acid onto growing protein/ polypeptide
  9. Sequence of bases/ codons of mRNA gives sequence of mini acids

cfe Higher Biology (8 decks)

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