171b - Intro to the Endocrine System: Physio, Pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to a decline in blood volume or blodo pressure?

A

Aldosterone

-> Distal and collecting tubules reabsorb more Na+, H2O follows passively

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2
Q

Which hormone ensures that our blood glucose levels are high enough to support brain activity?

A

Cortisol

(Technically, glucagon mobilizes energy stores to increase blood glucose, but cortisol send the alarm signal if the brain isn’t getting enough glucose?)

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3
Q

Which hormone functions to increase blood calcium levels?

How?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • Stimulates osteoclasts
  • Decreases calcium excretion by the kidney
  • Activates vitamin D -> Calcium absorption from GI
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4
Q

Which hormone functions to lower serum Calcium?

How?

A

Calcitonin

  • Slows the calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts
  • Increases calcium excretion by the kidney

Most active durign childhood; excess in medullary cancer (rare)

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5
Q

Where in the cell are the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Cytoplasm

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the cell membrane

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6
Q

In a patient with Graves’ disease (due to an antibody stimulating the TSH receptor), do you expect the following to be high, low, or normal?

  • TSH:
  • Free T4:
  • T3:
A
  • TSH: Low
  • Free T4: High
  • T3: High

High T3 and T4 feed back to inhibit TRH, resulting in low TSH

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7
Q

Which two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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8
Q

Which of the following hormones is closest in structure to oxytocin?

a. Insulin
b. Prolactin
c. Vasopressin
d. Thyroxine
e. Estradiol

A

c. Vasopressin

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9
Q

Which hormone acts most directly to increase blood glucose?

Which cells secrete it?

A

Glucagon

Alpha cells (in the Islets of Langerhans)

(Cortisol -> increased glucagon -> increased blood glucose)

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10
Q

List 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

What kind of hormones are these?

A
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotripic hormone (ACTH)
  • Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)

All are peptide hormones

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of hormone excess syndromes?

A

Benign adenoma that makes excess hormones

(Carcinomas are very rare)

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12
Q

Which of the following conditions is most common in the U.S.?

a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. Obesity
d. Osteoporosis
f. Graves’ disease

A

c. Obesity

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13
Q

What disease is caused by decreased vasopressin (ADH) secretion?

A

Central diabetes insipidus

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14
Q

List 3 things secreted by the adrenal cortex

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Androgens
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15
Q

Which hormone acts to lower blood glucose?

Which cells secrete it?

A

Insulin

Beta cells (in the Islets of Langerhans)

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16
Q

Which of the following hormones is secreted in excess in a patient with Cushing’s disease?

a. ACTH
b. GH
c. TSH
d. Prolactin
e. Calcitonin

A

a. ACTH

Results in hypercortisolism

17
Q

List 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
18
Q

Which amine hormones are derived from tyrosine?

A

Thyroid hormones

Catecholamines

19
Q

What is the major difference in the pathyphysiology of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance in both

  • Metabolic syndrome
    • Beta cells produce enough insulin to compensate
    • -> Normoglycemia
  • Type II Diabetes
    • Beta cells do not produce enough insulin to compensate
    • -> Hyperglycemia due to relative insulin deficiency
20
Q

Which hormone inhibits both glucagon and insulin?

A

Somatostatin

(Delta cells from the Islets of Langerhans)

21
Q

Which hormone increases the basal metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid hormone

22
Q

List 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • Arginine-vasopressin aka Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin