171b - Intro to the Endocrine System: Physio, Pathophys Flashcards
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to a decline in blood volume or blodo pressure?
Aldosterone
-> Distal and collecting tubules reabsorb more Na+, H2O follows passively
Which hormone ensures that our blood glucose levels are high enough to support brain activity?
Cortisol
(Technically, glucagon mobilizes energy stores to increase blood glucose, but cortisol send the alarm signal if the brain isn’t getting enough glucose?)
Which hormone functions to increase blood calcium levels?
How?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Stimulates osteoclasts
- Decreases calcium excretion by the kidney
- Activates vitamin D -> Calcium absorption from GI
Which hormone functions to lower serum Calcium?
How?
Calcitonin
- Slows the calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts
- Increases calcium excretion by the kidney
Most active durign childhood; excess in medullary cancer (rare)
Where in the cell are the receptors for steroid hormones?
Cytoplasm
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the cell membrane
In a patient with Graves’ disease (due to an antibody stimulating the TSH receptor), do you expect the following to be high, low, or normal?
- TSH:
- Free T4:
- T3:
- TSH: Low
- Free T4: High
- T3: High
High T3 and T4 feed back to inhibit TRH, resulting in low TSH
Which two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Which of the following hormones is closest in structure to oxytocin?
a. Insulin
b. Prolactin
c. Vasopressin
d. Thyroxine
e. Estradiol
c. Vasopressin
Which hormone acts most directly to increase blood glucose?
Which cells secrete it?
Glucagon
Alpha cells (in the Islets of Langerhans)
(Cortisol -> increased glucagon -> increased blood glucose)
List 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
What kind of hormones are these?
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotripic hormone (ACTH)
- Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
All are peptide hormones
What is the most common cause of hormone excess syndromes?
Benign adenoma that makes excess hormones
(Carcinomas are very rare)
Which of the following conditions is most common in the U.S.?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. Obesity
d. Osteoporosis
f. Graves’ disease
c. Obesity
What disease is caused by decreased vasopressin (ADH) secretion?
Central diabetes insipidus
List 3 things secreted by the adrenal cortex
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Androgens
Which hormone acts to lower blood glucose?
Which cells secrete it?
Insulin
Beta cells (in the Islets of Langerhans)