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Crime and Punishment > 1700-1900- 18th And 19th Century Britain > Flashcards

1700-1900- 18th And 19th Century Britain Flashcards

1
Q

When were witchcraft laws repealed?

A

1736

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2
Q

Why did crime increase?

A
  • people were travelling more into towns
  • Larger towns meant it was easier to escape
  • industrial revolution- most people worked in towns
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3
Q

Why did highway robbery increase in the 18th century?

A
  • Improved roads led to more people travelling
  • Increased trade between towns meant more goods transported by road
  • Many roads were isolated so it was easy to get away with a highway robbery
  • Horses became cheaper to buy
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4
Q

Who was Claude Duval?

A
  • Famous highwayman
  • Often referred to as the ‘gentlemen of the road’
  • Was polite + charming
  • Wore fancy clothes
  • In 1670 was caught and hanged at Tyburn
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5
Q

Why did Highway Robbery decline?

A
  • Fewer travellers carried large amounts of money
  • Mounted patrols were rewarded to report on activities of a highwaymen
  • Growth of railways
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6
Q

When did Highway robbery completely disappear?

A

1830

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7
Q

What was the Waltham black act?

A
  • Made poaching a capital crime
  • 1723
  • Made it illegal to carry around snares or hunting dogs
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8
Q

What is the black market + why was it used?

A
  • Used for poaching
  • Cheaper food
  • Easy to make high profits
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9
Q

What kind of goods did smugglers bring into the country?

A

Tea, cloth, wine, spirits

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10
Q

What kind of crime of smuggling?

A

A capital crime, came under the bloody code

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11
Q

Why did smuggling increase in this time period?

A

Tax on imported goods were high

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12
Q

How did smugglers make high profits?

A

They bought goods into the country without paying tax and selling them

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13
Q

Give a name if a famous smuggling gang?

A
  • Hawkhurst gang

- Leaders: Arthur grey + Thomas Kingsmill

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14
Q

Name each of the smuggling gang members and explain their specific role

A
  • The ‘Spotsman’ would direct the ship to the shore
  • The lander would arrange the unloading of the cargo
  • The tubsman carried the goods
  • The batsman protected the tubsman
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15
Q

Why did smuggling continue to rise?

A
  • Fear of smugglers: many used violence
  • Nature of the custom officer job
  • It was a social crime so many people did not regard it as a crime
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16
Q

Why did smuggling decrease?

A
  • Government reduced tax on tea on tea and other goods

- Industries started to open

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17
Q

When was the French Revolution and what was it?

A
  • 1789
  • Monarchy was overthrown
  • Britain was scared same thing was going to happen to them
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18
Q

What happened in 1833 in Tolpuddle, Dorset?

A
  • A group of farm workers formed a ‘friendly society of agricultural labourers
  • This was to protest about their low wages
  • George loveless + 5 other workers ( 6 altogether)
19
Q

What happens to George loveless and the Martys?

A
  • Were sentenced to 7 years of transportation to Australia for taking secret oaths
  • Were at sea for 111 days
  • Government changed definition of crime for employer benefits
  • Were forced to walk to the farms
20
Q

What happened after the news of the Tolpuddle Martys spread?

A
  • Mass protests

- Petition of 200,000 signatures demanding their release

21
Q

When were the Martyrs pardoned?

A
  • In 1836

- Protests continued for their release

22
Q

What was the significance of the Tolpuddle Martys?

A
  • Authorities used law to criminalise people they saw as a threat
  • Government would protect employees at the expense of workers
  • Inspired some to fight for workers rights
23
Q

Why did witchcraft stop being a crime?

A
  • Royal Society set up by Charles II, led to increase scientific experiments which explained things previously thought to be of witches
  • More educated people
24
Q

How did society change in the industrial period?

A
  • Population increased
  • More people worked in factories
  • Railways had become major form of travel
  • Higher taxes were collected
  • More children were educated
25
Q

When was bow street runners set up + what was their purpose?

A
  • In 1749 by Henry Fielding
  • Taken over by his half brother John Fielding
  • Used to fight crime + a more organised system
  • At first they charged fees but later were payed by the government
26
Q

What was set up to end highway robbery?

A
  • Horse patrol set up but the fielding brothers
  • Ended highway robbery in London
  • Became known as ‘Robin Readbreasts’ coz of their uniform
27
Q

What did the Middlesex justice act state?

A

7 other JP’s were funded to extended Bow street runners to their areas

28
Q

What did The Metropolitan police act do?

A
  • Replaced watchmen and parish Constable’s + introduced police force.
  • Robert Peel set it up
  • Set up in 1829
  • RP became Home Secretary in 182
29
Q

What did the 1856 police act do?

A
  • Made is compulsory to have a professional police force across the whole country
  • Aim was to deter crime
30
Q

Why was the Met successful in the long term?

A
  • In 1829, first national records were set up
  • CID set up in 1878
  • Standardised training for all recruits
  • Used photographs + telegraphs to find criminal
31
Q

Why was the bloody code abolished?

A
  • Juries would not convict: Juries were unwilling to find people guilty if they thought their punishment was unfair
  • Public executions were not working : It ended up being a form of entertainment
  • People thought that punishments should be equal to the crime committed
32
Q

Why did public executions come to an end in 1868?

A
  • Crowds were usually drunk + disorderly
  • Large crowds provided opportunities for more crimes
  • Was seen as cheap entertainment
33
Q

Why did Transportation end to Australia in 1868?

A
  • Australia no longer needed forced labourers
  • It didn’t want ‘criminals’
  • Gold was discovered through
  • Some felt it was too harsh ( journey there was 18 months)
  • More prisons built so used for than transportation
34
Q

What were conditions in prisons like before they were reformed?

A
  • Bridewell prison set up in Elizabethan times
  • All inmates had to do hard labour ( picking Oakam, breaking rocks)
  • Wealthy could afford their own rooms
  • Poor relied on local charities
  • Had to pay to see a doctor
35
Q

What did John Howard do?

A
  • Was outraged by the conditions in prisons
  • In 1774 he campaigned to persuade parliament that prisoners who had finished their sentence were to be released
  • His work led to the 1774 Gaol Act : health + sanitation of prisons
36
Q

What did Elizabeth fry do?

A
  • Visits Newgate prison in 1813=shocked
  • 300 women + babies crammed into small rooms
  • Set up association for reformation of female prisoners at Newgate
  • Set up education classes to reform women
  • Work influenced peel’s reforms
  • In 1902 Holloway prison opens for women
37
Q

When was the pentonville prison built?

A

1842, also called the separate system

38
Q

Conditions in pentonville prison?

A
  • Thick walls to prevent prisoners from talking to each other
  • They were masked when they went outside
  • Spent nearly all their time in the chapel
  • Main idea was to keep them away from the wicked influence of others
39
Q

Reasons for the separate system

A
  • For rehabilitation = solitude best way to make prisoners reflect on their crime
  • Fir retribution= isolation and boredom made criminal pay for their crime
  • As a deterrent = serious punishment
40
Q

Strengths of the separate system

A
  • Was clean + less disease

- People thought it provided the right level of punishment/harsh but not too harsh

41
Q

Weaknesses of the separate system?

A
  • Continuous isolation led to mental illness and high suicide
  • No education
42
Q

What did the Gaol Act state?

A
  • Chaplains should regularly visit prisons
  • Gaolers should be paid
  • prisoners should be paid
43
Q

What was the ‘silent system’?

A
  • Prisoners expected to be silent at all times
  • Hard wood bunks=‘ Hard board’
  • ‘Hard fare’=food, same menu
  • ‘Hard labour’= pointless work for several hours a day

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