1.7 Science and marketing of food elimination diets Flashcards
What is a food intolerance?
Response usually takes place in the digestive system. It occurs when food is not properly broken down in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
What are the symptoms of food intolerances?
Gas, bloating, flatulence, cramping, and diarrhoea.
What is often responsible for food intolerance?
Enzyme deficiency
What is the classification of food intolerances?
- Metabolic conditions such as enzyme deficiency and carbohydrates malabsorption
- Pharmacologic (chemical sensitivity) reactions to food components such as caffeine, monosodium glutamate (MSG),vaso active amines and salicylates
- Other undefined/ idiopathic reactions that include adverse reaction of artificial preservatives such as sulphites and benzoates
What is a food allergy?
Food allergy is anadverse health effect arising from a specific immune responsethat occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food.
What are the categories of food allergies?
Type 1,2,3 and 4 hypersensitivity
What is type 1 hypersensitivity?
Involve immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.
What is type 2 hypersensitivity?
Involve IgG and IgM antibodies directed against cellular antigens, leading to cell damage mediated by other immune system effectors.
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
Involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes.
What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
What is lactose intolerance caused by?
Lactase deficiency, lactase non-persitence or hypolactasia
What happens in lactose intolerance?
- Lactose transits undigested into the large intestine
- Gut bacteria metabolise lactose and the resulting fermentation produces gas (carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane) which may result in flatulence, bloating and distension pain.
- The unabsorbed lactose and the fermentation products (e.g., short fatty acids) raise the osmotic pressure in the colon.
- This increases the flow of water into the lumen of the colon, causing “osmotic diarrhoea” associated with lactose intolerance.
What happens in lactose intolerance?
- Lactose transits undigested into the large intestine
- Gut bacteria metabolise lactose and the resulting fermentation produces gas (carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane) which may result in flatulence, bloating and distension pain.
- The unabsorbed lactose and the fermentation products (e.g., short fatty acids) raise the osmotic pressure in the colon.
- This increases the flow of water into the lumen of the colon, causing “osmotic diarrhoea” associated with lactose intolerance.
What happens in lactose intolerance?
- Lactose transits undigested into the large intestine
- Gut bacteria metabolise lactose and the resulting fermentation produces gas (carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane) which may result in flatulence, bloating and distension pain.
- The unabsorbed lactose and the fermentation products (e.g., short fatty acids) raise the osmotic pressure in the colon.
- This increases the flow of water into the lumen of the colon, causing “osmotic diarrhoea” associated with lactose intolerance.
What are the types of lactose intolerance?
Congenital galactasia is extremely rare and results from an autosomal recessive mutation in the LCT gene causing the complete lack of lactase from birth.
Primary lactase deficiency (or non-persistence) is genetically inherited and is caused by the absence of a lactase persistence allele.
Secondary lactase deficiency is caused by damaged of the lining of the intestine where lactase is produced.