Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2B1- Food: Nutrition and Malnutrition > 1.5 Principles of human nutrition > Flashcards

1.5 Principles of human nutrition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The ensemble of catabolism and anabolism.

Tightly regulated by homes such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels, or growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Chemical reaction that provides nutrients for the body to use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Chemical reaction that provides energy storage when the body has enough energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 6 categories of nutrients?

A

Sugars, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Chemical elements consumed in large quantities are used to generate energy and/or are involved in growth or repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Chemical elements are required in small amounts. Important in human metabolism, acting as coenzymes or cofactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water

Calcium, sodium, potassium, potassium, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of micronutrients

A

Vitamins such as zinc, copper, iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Essential nutrients are found in the diet and cannot be made from other molecules in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many amino acids are essential out of the 20 in the body?

A

9 are essential; 2 fatty acids are essential; vitamins are also essentials and some minerals also play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are non-essential nutrients?

A

Non-essential nutrients can be made from food or are synthesised through metabolic/ enzymatic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main characteristics of carbohydrates?

A
  • Main sources of energy. Essential for cell function.
  • Readily available and release energy is fast
  • Not the most efficient in terms of energy production (4 Kcal/g)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Single units of carbohydrates they cannot be further digested or hydrolysed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the examples of monosaccharides?

A

Molecules of glucose, fructose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Carbohydrate chain made of more than 3 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a triose?

A

Any group of monosaccharides that contain 3 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a 5-carbon ring sugar called?

A

Ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are hexoses?

A

6- carbon sugars.

They are either ketoses (contain a ketone group) or aldoses (contain an aldehyde group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are hemi-acetal structures?

A

Sugars with at least 5 carbons easily form ring structures

20
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Form when two monosaccharides combine

21
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose (glucose+glucose), sucrose (glucose+fructose) and lactose (glucose+galactose)

22
Q

Are disaccharides soluble?

A

Yes

23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

When more than 10 units are combined.

23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

When more than 10 units are combined.

24
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

25
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide containing only one type of monosaccharide

26
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide that contains different types of monosaccharides

27
Q

How is amylopectin formed?

A

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

What are glycoaminoglycans?

A

Combine polysaccharides and proteins and are a part of the cell membrane

29
Q

What are lipids?

A

Heterogeneous group of compounds including, fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated), triglycerides, phospholipids, ketone bodies.

30
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Metabolic messengers, regulators, providing some cushioning for internal organs or insulation, absorb lipid-soluble vitamins

31
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

Fatty or hydrophobic carbon chain ending with an acidic COOH group

32
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

All C-C bonds are single covalent bonds

33
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

One or more C-C bonds are double

34
Q

What are cis-polyunsaturate fatty acids?

A

Bent configuration. Important for the good function of cell membranes.

35
Q

What are trans-fatty acids?

A

Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the carbon, making the molecule more linear. Present in dairy products and hydrogenated oils

36
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Glycerol is a 3-carbon type of alcohol. It has a hydroxyl group.

37
Q

What are proteins?

A

Structural elements of the cell: enzymes, hormones, receptors, channels, etc

38
Q

What are essential proteins?

A

Amino acids which can’t be created in our body but can only be received from proper food or diet

39
Q

What are non-essential proteins?

A

Bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat.

40
Q

What is the structure of a protein?

A

Carboxylic acid group: COOH and an amine group NH2. Hence proteins have an N-terminal and a C-terminal

R group defines the amino acid and the group can be non-polar, polar, acidic or basic

41
Q

What is a protein made of?

A

Combination of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

42
Q

What are the three structures of proteins?

A
  • Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary structure: arrangement of protein chains
  • Tertiary structure: folding into a globular shape (enzymes, immunoglobins).Protein folding results from three different structural elements beyond primary structure.
  • Quaternary structure: more than one protein chain (Insulin (and pro-insulin) and haemoglobin)
43
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The synthesis of glycogen molecules from glucose units mostly in liver, small amount in skeletal muscle

44
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Synthesis of triglycerides by combining fatty acids and glycerol molecules

Some fatty acids will be used to produce ATP via beta-oxidation and the excess will be re-combined with molecules of glycerol and stored as triglycerides

45
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose from endogenous metabolites: pyruvate (lactate), glycerol and some amino acids (alanine and glutamine) in the liver

46
Q

What are the pathways involved in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism?

A

Step 1: Digestion of sugars, lipids and proteins into monosaccharides, fatty acids+ glycerol and amino acids

Step 2: further degradation leading to pyruvate and acetylCoA which are essential molecules for the production of ATP.

Monosaccharides undergo glycolysis (creating pyruvate), fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation (producing acetylCoA), amino acids can be converted or degraded into various metabolites but only under conditions such as starvation

Step 3: Kreb’s cycle in mitochondria (main ATP production site)

MD2B1- Food: Nutrition and Malnutrition (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions