17 - Hormones Flashcards
3 main type of receptors used by hormones?
- Surface membrane = Enzymes on cell membrane.
- Cytosolic receptor = Enter cell to initiate gene expression
- Nuclear hormones = enter chromatin in nucleus for DNA synthesis
Difference between glucocorticosteroids and NSAIDs in mechanism?
NSAIDs inhibit inflammation (arachidonic acid –(COX)–> PG-cyclic endoperoxidases)
Glucocorticosteroids inhibit inflammation AND immune cell pathways (Phopholipids –(Phospholipase A2)–> Arachidonic acid)
1) Corticosteroid uses
2) Corticosteroids ideally would have higher/lower water retention. What type of corticosteroids fits this?
1) Endocrine e.g. adisons or non-endocrine e.g. respiratory, rheumatic… Any autoimmune disease
2) Lower. Synthetic.
General side effects of corticosteroids?
- Moon face
- Acne
- Glaucoma
- Skin thinning
- Bruising
- Psychological
- Congestive heart failure
- Peptic ulcer
- Abdominal fat increase
- Osteoporosis
- Muscle wasting
Describe mineralcorticoids
- What are they?
- Uses?
Stimulate RNA at distal convoluted tubule of nephron for Na+ reabsorption, K+ and H+ excretion (H2O and salt retention)
- Aldosterone is primary mineralcorticosteroid of RAAS
- Fludrocortisone acetate used for deficiency
- Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids can be replaced if adrenals destroyed.
1) List 4 gondadotropic hormones.
2) What therapies use this?
- FSH (Follicle-stimulating Hormone)
- LH (Luteinising Hormone)
- Prolactin
- HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
2) Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) for - Hypophyseal function test
- Stimualte fertility in women
HCG in boys to - Mediate testosterone secretion
- Induce testicular descent
Describe androgens and anabolic steroids?
- Uses?
Testes -> testosterone -> dihydrotestosterone (2nd characterstics in men, masculinisation and libido in women).
- Primary + Secondary hypogonadism
- Increase female libido
- Breast cancer
- Male contraceptives? (Trials)
Describe testosterone derivatives
- Parental (intramuscular) is more potent than oral and are usually in depot formulations (w/ oil so longer to absorb).
- Anabolic steroids causes myotropic effects e.g. aplastic anemia, osteoporisis, anorexia, increase muscle mass.
Oestrogen
- Important for…
- Effects of menopause?
How and why is it replaced
- Sexual development
- Cognitive health
- Decreased cholesterol
- Growth
- Bone maintanence
Lack of causes menopause - Mood changes
- Vaginal dryness
- Cognitive changes
- Osteoporosis
- Dry eyes
- Hot flushes etc..
Synethetical preparations allow oral route. Uses include:
- Contraceptives w/ progesterone
- Primary hypogonadism
- Primary amenorrhoea (to induce artifical cycle) w/ progesterone
Describe some oestrogen antagonist.
- Uses?
Tamoxifen – Treats oestrogen +ve breast cancer
Clomifene – For fertility
Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) are oestrogen replacement therapies.
Progesterone uses?
Maintains pregnancy in 2nd half of menstrual cycle.
