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utas anatomy and physiology > 1.7-1.8: Ribosomes, ER and Golgi; Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

1.7-1.8: Ribosomes, ER and Golgi; Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the information for the sequence of protein contained?

A

within the mRNA generated during transcription

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2
Q

Protein synthesis is

A

the assembly of polypeptides through a process called translation

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3
Q

Difference between use of proteins produced by free ribosomes and ribosomes on the rER

A

Generally, proteins produced by free ribosomes are for use by the cell itself, which do not require further processing by the rER and typically don’t go through the golgi;
proteins produced in the rough ER are for export (only ones for export goes to rER), or are housed within membrane-bound
vesicles.

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4
Q

what happens to the mRNA after leaving the nucleus through its nuclear pores?

A
  • transcription occurs, dna strand formed template, mrna strand forms, forms pre-mrna strand with introns. remove introns then have mrna
  • leaves nucleus via pores
    either goes to free ribosomes (may form collection of free ribosomes called polyribosomes with polybackbone being made
  • or associates with rer where mRNA stand gets read and peptide goes into membrane instead of cytoplasm
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5
Q

Describe structure of a ribosome after the mRNA has arrived.

A
  • small subunit clamps onto the mRNA strand, and the large subunit attaches itself onto it.
  • there are little spaces for trna to come along, recognise codon and attach amino acid to polypeptide sequence.
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6
Q

ribosome structure diagram fill in

A

photos

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7
Q

there is a different _____ for each amino acid

A

tRNA

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8
Q

three steps of mRNA being translated into protein

A
  1. initiation: tRNA binds onto codon to pair with its anticodons
  2. elongation as more amino acids are added to strand
  3. termination: stops production of protein, modified within ER
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9
Q

What is the amino acid represented by the first codon? (always)

A

Methionine (Met) is always the first amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

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10
Q

ER diagram fill in

A

photos

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11
Q

ER occupies how much of the total membrane volume of the cell?

A

half the total membrane volume of cell

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12
Q
A

system of interconnected tubules and vesicles

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13
Q

inner space of ER is called

A

cistern/ cisternae (plural)

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14
Q

where do metabolic processes occur?

A

surface and within the cisternae of er

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15
Q

functions of smooth er

A
  1. Synthesis of phospholipids, steroid
    hormones, triglycerides
  2. Synthesise and store glycogen in
    (skeletal muscle cells and liver)
  3. Calcium ion storage (neurons,
    muscle)
  4. Detoxification (liver)
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16
Q

why is the arrangement of polypeptide chain into protein important?

A

shape reflects function, can cause problem if not shaped correctly
e.g. alzheimers

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17
Q
  • Post-translational protein modifications:
A

modification of proteins after it has gone through translation
e.g. Glycosylation, formation of disulphide
bonds, proteolytic cleavage

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18
Q

cell image fill in

A

photos

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19
Q

plasma cell as an example of structure reflects function

A

lots of er, producing lots of protein: secreting antibodies

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20
Q

what is the rough er responsible for?

A

Synthesis of membrane & organelle proteins,
proteins to be secreted/exported
* Site where protein is folded to its 3D form,
subunit assembly

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus diagram fill in

A

photos

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22
Q

3 key functions of golgi apparatus

A
  • Plasma membrane
    modification and renewal
  • Secretion - Modifies and
    packages secretions such
    as proteins (from RER) and
    lipids (from SER) to be
    shipped to the
    appropriate site
  • Packages enzymes (e.g. in
    lysosomes) for use within
    the cytosol
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23
Q

where does secretion of vesicles occur on the golgi apparatus?

A

depends on where cell want to secrete, might move to top of cell for secretion

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24
Q

how does the lysosome deal with the endosome?

A

releases digestive enzymes into it, remains become refuse that can be exocytosed or remains in cell if not harmful

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25
Q

summarize the secretory pathway

A

transciption occurs, mrna leaves via nuclear pores, binds to ribosomes, is translated, enters cistern of the rough er, goes thru smooth er, lipid synthesis maybe, little transport vesicle buds off er, fuse with cis face of golgi and migrate though stacks, modified by enzymes, bud off to form secretory vesicles, hang around to become lysosomes or exocytosed
**a better diagram is in photos

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26
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

a set of flattened membrane discs that process newly made proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum.

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27
Q

Mitochondrial functions

A
  • ATP generation
  • Modification of steroid lipids and
    hormones
  • Initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
  • Cellular differentiation, cell cycle and cell
    growth
  • Heat production
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28
Q

apoptosis e.g.

A

webbed hands, if something interferes than those cells don’t die

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29
Q

example of heat generation in mitochondria

A

babies have lots of round adipose tissues (fat tissues) which consists of lots of mitochondria to generate heat cuz they can’t regulate their own body temperature

same for polar bears who have a lot of fat for heat generation via the lots of mitochondria

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30
Q

cellular respiration is

A

Series of metabolic reactions that take place in cells to convert biochemical energy from
nutrients/organic molecules into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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31
Q

catabolism

A

Involves the breakdown of molecules into smaller
units.
Used to release energy or in some cases the smaller
units are used for anabolic reactions.
e.g. breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy,
breakdown of protein into amino acids.
= breakdown of molecules into its constituent parts and energy

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32
Q

anabolism

A

Building or synthesis of molecules.
Cellular maintenance and repairs, growth, secretion of
molecules, stored nutrients.
Require energy input
e.g. ATP synthesis, protein synthesis
- building constitutent parts and energy to build a full thing

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33
Q

atp consist of

A

a nitrogenous base: adenine
a sugar, ribose
3 phosphate groups

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34
Q

mitochondria structure diagram fill in

A

photos

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35
Q

structure reflect function in mitochondria example

A

folds increase surface area for mitochondrion to have enzymes

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36
Q

Explain in detail the process of cellular respiration.

A
  1. glycolysis in the cytoplasm
    - no need energy
    - not efficient
    - glucose-> pyruvate-> 2 atp
  2. Krebs cycle in the mitochondrion (citric acid cycle
    - pyruvate–> acetyl CoA
    - requires o2
    - co2 as waste product
    - produces 2 atp
    - main aim is to create substrate that the electron transport chain uses to produce atp
  3. electron transport chain/ oxidating phosphorylation
    - occurs in mitochondrion
    - uses energy from breakdown of previous products to make ATP and h2o
    - 24-28 atp from 1 molecule of glucose
37
Q

can proteins, triglycerides and glycogen produce energy directly?

A

no.
they need to first be catabolised into amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose (respectively

38
Q

how does energy generation from fatty acids and amino acids differ from energy generation from glucose?

A

uses slightly different process to go directly into krebs instead of glycolysis

39
Q

where is energy stored in the foods we eat for energy?

A

Energy is stored in chemical bonds in the nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) in the food we eat.

40
Q

Cytoskeleton functions

A
  • Cell shape maintenance
  • Strength- enable to withstand from abrasion for some cells prone to it
  • Flexibility
  • Transport around the cytoplasm, e.g. vesicles, mitochondria, neurosecretory vesicles
  • Cell movement, especially using actin filaments, allowing it to undergo endocytosis
  • Involved in cell division- helps separate chromosomes and cells
41
Q

3 major classes of elements

A

Microfilaments: (AKA actin filaments) smallest
(nm), made of actin (a multifunctional protein
Intermediate filaments: mid-sized, constructed from a number of different subunit proteins
Microtubules: largest type of filament, composed of
tubulin

42
Q

describe the structure of microfilaments

A
  • Made principally of actin arranged in a long spiral chain
  • Networks of microfilaments found beneath cell membrane for endocytosis and movement
  • Dynamic– rapidly polymerise and depolymerise (form and deform), e.g. can phagocytose bacteria really quickly
  • Have a plus and a minus end
    – Plus end has faster addition/removal
    – Minus end slower
43
Q

describe the structural features and how they relate to functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • Intermediate filaments are the strongest and most durable of the cytoskeleton filaments: would have more of them if cell is located in area that is exposed to environment prone to abrasion
  • They play a structural role by providing mechanical
    strength: inside nucleus has them so nucleus stays in shape, also in cytoplasm
  • Stabilise organelle position, provide strength/support for
    cell structure
  • Composed of a fibres; protein subunits vary (e.g., keratin
    in epithelial cells, vimentin in fibroblasts)
44
Q

Describe the function and structure of microtubules

A
  • Key role in cell division, intracellular organisation, cell shape and transport
    tracks for motor proteins to move cargo, power flagella and cilia
  • Long, hollow tubules made of polymers of tubulin
  • motor proteins carry things like mitochondria or secretory vesicles etc on top of them
45
Q

How do motor proteins move along microtubules?

A

can use microtubules as tracks
- cargo= cellular cargo like organelles and secretory vesicles
- carrying smtng at top, reconnect, reconnect and brings them along

46
Q

how do centrioles contribute in cell division?

A
  • polymerised more tubulin (proteins that can later polymerize into long chains that form microtubules), attach to dividing chromosomes.
  • When depolymerised, they pull chromosomes back so they are separated into 2 individual cells with two separate centrosomes (duplicated)
47
Q

Describe the structure of flagella and cilia

A
  • Slender extensions of the plasma membrane
    *Microtubule structure changes from triplets of centrioles in basal body to 9 doublets at the
    upper end (the axoneme).
  • It also gains a central
    pair of microtubules
    *Dynein moves along microtubules to exert the bending motion required, resulting in spiral pattern of movement
48
Q

pseudopodia

A

a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement

49
Q

Describe the functions of microfilaments.

A
  • central to contractile engine
  • Acts as a track for myosin motor motility (role in muscle contraction)–> in striated muscles like cardiac and skeletal, causes muscle contraction, interact with myotin to slide across and pull towards each other for contraction
  • Enables cells to hold and move specialised shapes;
    – Involved in membrane “pinching” process in cell division
    – formation of pseudopodia: moves around with polymerisation and depolymerisation quickly
  • enables phagocytosis or pinocytosis
50
Q

Explain the dynamic instability of microtubules.

A

Microtubules are directional, they
have a “+” and a “-” end
– plus end; grows more rapidly
– minus end; slower dynamics
* Polymerization results in growth
while depolymerisation results in
shrinking - both are rapid

51
Q

which direction do motor proteins move towards?

A

Kinesins move cargo towards the plus (+) end.
* Cargo transported away from nucleus
Dyneins move cargo towards the minus (-) end.
* Cargo transported towards the nucleus

52
Q

motor proteins and microtubule diagram fill in

A

photos

53
Q

how do motor proteins interact with microfilaments?

A

interact with actin in microfilaments and are involved
in muscle contraction and cell division

54
Q

what are motor proteins called?

A

myosin

55
Q

what forms a centrosome?

A

two centrioles

56
Q

what are centrosomes also called?

A

microtubule organizing centres

57
Q

what forms a centriole?

A

9 triplets of microtubules

58
Q

what are protein filaments made of?

A

subunits that rapidly come together or break apart

59
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA which codes for a particular protein or functional RNA

60
Q

Where does protein synthesis conduct transcription?

A

Begins on free ribosomes then either docks to rER or leaves the ribosome for cell’s own function

61
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP, Co2, NAD, NaDH

62
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

adding P to ADP in the form of O2

63
Q

What is the output of ATP in phosphorylation?

A

28-38 ATP

64
Q

Functions of intermediate filament

A
  • strengthen cell
  • made with keratinocytes (riched with keratin, strongest protein to protect the body
  • found on outside of skin
65
Q

what’s the space between layers of rough ER called?

A

cisternae

66
Q

What are the processes of the smooth ER?

A
  • synthesis and storage of glycogen and glycerides in muscle and liver cells
  • detoxification of poison and drugs
  • synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol
  • has enzymes that create triglycerides
  • stores calcium ions
  • initiation of contraction of cell
  • synthesis and vesicular packaging of steroid hormones (androgens and oestrogens in reproductive cells), e.g. cortisol from adrenal glands
67
Q

Expand on the function of synthesis and storage of glycogen and glycerides in muscle and liver cells that the smooth ER conducts.

A
  • when there’s lots of glucose, sometimes there’s a hormone released by pancreas that stimulates glucose to be stuck together in a big chain called glycogen
  • glycerides are especially produced as triglycerides in liver in fat cells-> if obese, patient may have fatty liver disease where liver cells are pushed out as there is too much of fat in liver which is not good for normal functioning
68
Q

why can you find lots of sER in the egg cell?

A
  • when sperm first bind to membrane of oocyte (a developing egg), it causes an influx of release of calcium from the ER, which then activates the oocyte to begin development and continue development
69
Q

What is an example of a steroid hormone that smooth ER synthesize and packages?

A
  • androgens and oestrogens in reproductive cells
  • cortisol from adrenal glands
70
Q

Why are some protein bits in a cell darker?

A
  • eosin stain used is acidic
  • attaches to protein, especially those that make up cytoskeleton
  • causing them to appear as a darker colour due to its accumulation
71
Q

where does detoxification occur in the body?

A

around body, intestines, liver (primary site

72
Q

what happens to the liver as the patient chronically drinks alcohol?

A

cirrhosis

73
Q

how does the sER conduct detoxification of alcohol?

A
  • alcohol dehydrogenase within membranes of smooth ER that breaks down alcohol
  • some people don’t have this, resulting in alcohol intolerance
74
Q

What organelle have their inside gaps named as cisternae?

A

ER, golgi

75
Q

What do you call the gaps between layers of inner membrane in mitochondria?

A

Cristae

76
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2——> 6H2o+ 6CO2+ 32ATP

77
Q

How is the body related to cellular respiration?

A

entire body system is designed to get rid of byproducts (e.g. h20–> peeing, co2—> exhale)

78
Q

Where is info stored asthe DNA?

A

Stored as a sequence of nitrogenous bases

79
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

tightly packed, inactive chromatin

80
Q

transaltion starts with _____ (codon that codes for a particular amino acid/ signal

A

AUG coding for start

81
Q

Pentapeptide

A

5 amino acids in a chain

82
Q

What order does removal of introns occur in (from which end to which end

A

from 5’’ to 3’’

83
Q

sketch diagram of trna

A

photos (google

84
Q

what does the large subunit do in a ribosome?

A

catalyse peptide bond

85
Q

differentiate sense mutation and non-sense mutation.

A

sense: change in amino acid (little or dramatic effect)
non-sense: no change to amino acid

86
Q

whats the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

eu: loose, hetero: tight

87
Q

what are nucleosomes?

A

areas of DNA wrapped around histones

88
Q

what is a gene?

A

a basic unit of heredity/ inheritance
- carries the information that determines your traits

utas anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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