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Physiology 1 > 17& 18 EKG > Flashcards

17& 18 EKG Flashcards

1
Q

Which EKG leads provide information in the frontal plane of the body?

A

Bipolar limb leads - I, II, and III

Augmented unipolar limb leads- aVR, aVL, and aVF

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2
Q

Which EKG leads provide information in the transverse plane of the body?

A

Precordial leads V1-V6

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3
Q

What information can be obtained from an EKG?

A

1) Pattern and frequency of events
2) Conduction time
3) Direction of depolarization and repolarization
3) size of chamber

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4
Q

What are the things an EKG cannot tell you?

A

1) Not a lot about mechanical activity (contraction and relaxation) except during ventricular fibrillation
2) It does not make an diagnosis

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5
Q

What does the P wave correspond to?

A

Atrial depolarization

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6
Q

What does the PR segment correspond to?

A

AV nodal delay

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7
Q

What does the QRS complex correspond to?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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8
Q

What does the ST segment correspond to?

A

The time during which the ventricles are contracting and emptying ( completion of ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization)
-Also corresponds to the plateau of the ventricular action potential

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9
Q

What dos the T wave correspond to?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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10
Q

What does the TP interval correspond to?

A

Time during which the ventricles are relaxing and filling

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11
Q

Where does the PR segment start and stop?

A

Starts at the end of the P wave and stops at the beginning of the Q wave

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12
Q

Where does the PR interval begin and end?

A

Begins at the start of the P wave and ends at the start of the Q wave

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13
Q

What is the difference between a segment and interval?

A

A segment is a period of time BETWEEN waveforms that is normally isoelectric. And interval is a period of time that INCLUDES wave

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14
Q

Are the Q, R, and S waves present in all QRS complexes?

A

They do not have to be

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15
Q

What can T wave inversion indication?

A

Coronary ischemia or left ventricular hypertrophy

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16
Q

What can tall and narrow T waves indicate?

A

Hyperkalemia

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17
Q

What can flat T waves represent?

A

Coronary ischemia or hypokalemia

18
Q

Why is the T wave an upper deflection?

A

Repolarization of the membrane. Repolarization of the ventricle happens in the opposite direction of depolarization and is a negative current. This double negative of direction and charge is why the T wave is positive.
The cell becomes more negatively charged, but the net effect is positive, so the EKG reports it as positive

19
Q

Where is the wave for atrial repolarization?

A

Masked behind the QRS segment

20
Q

Where is the depolarization of the SA and AV node seen on an EKG? Why?

A

They are not reflected by a wave in the EKG because the mass of the tissue is too small

21
Q

What is used as a baseline to evaluate for ST segment displacement?

A

The PR segment

22
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

Time for atrial depolarization and the delay through the AV node

23
Q

What is the normal value for a PR interval?

A

0.12-0.20 seconds- ONE LARGE BOX

24
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

Measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

25
Q

What does the QT interval correspond to?

A

The time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization (time for ventricular action potential)
-Very dependent on heart rate

26
Q

What is the P-P interval?

A

The time between consecutive atrial depolarizations, measured from beginning of one P to the beginning of the next P

27
Q

What can the P-P interval be used to determine?

A

Atrial rate

28
Q

What is the R-R interval?

A

Time between consecutive ventricular depolarizations, measured between beginning of one QRS to the beginning of the next QRS

29
Q

What can the R-R interval be used to determine?

A

Ventricular rate

This will not always be identical to the P-P interval

30
Q

HR is typically determined using what?

A

The R-R interval

31
Q

How much time is one large box on EKG?

A

0.20 seconds

32
Q

How much time is one small box on EKG?

A

0.04 seconds

33
Q

What is the calculation to get heart rate from an EKG?

A

HR= 300/ #large squares per cycle

34
Q

What is LAD?

A

When the mean QRS axis is more negative than 0 degrees

35
Q

What is RAD?

A

When the mean QRS axis is more positive than 90 degrees

36
Q

What are common causes for LAD?

A

LV hypertrophy, obesity, and pregnancy

37
Q

What are the common causes for RAD?

A

RV hypertrophy, LV infarct, and a tall, thin body type

38
Q

What is a prolonged PR interval?

A

A PR interval greater than 200 ms

39
Q

What is a 1st degree AV block?

A

Prolonged P-R interval greater than 200ms due to slowed conduction through the AV node or bundle of his.
-There is a P wave for every QRS complex

40
Q

What is a second degree AV block?

A
  • Partial dissociation of atria and ventricles

- Not every P wave is followed by a QRS complex

41
Q

What is a 3rd degree AV block?

A
  • Complete heart block
  • No conduction though the AV node
  • Complete dissociation of atria and ventricles
  • P and QRS are completely independent of one another

Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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