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Question 1

Proboscis extension response (P.E.R.)?

Answer 1

Proboscis extends if the sensor detects something sweat, and the brain integrates that information.

Question 2

For a sensory neuron to sense something, they must?

Answer 2

Depolarize in response to a signal. Generator potential occurs near dendrites, and then action potential travels through the axon to the axon terminal, and then releases neurotransmitters.

Question 3

!G-protein coupled receptors?

Answer 3

Largest and most diverse group or receptors in eukaryotes. When the ligand binds to the receptor, GDP is converted to GTP and the G protein is released. It interacts with signal transduction cascade.

Question 4

!Sensilla?

Answer 4

Taste organs in insects. They contain taste receptor neurons inside the sensilla in which signals need to enter. There are many receptors inside each responsible for a specific type of taste. Bristle?

Question 5

How do taste neurons work when a taste signal come (all steps)?

Answer 5

Taste comes in and binds to a GTP receptor. G protein interacts with a signaling pathway, and opens a sodium channel, which depolarizers the cell, and action potentials occur if it reaches threshold.

Signal travels to the brain. A portion of the brain detects sweat, and another detects bitter. The brain doesn’t know anything abt the environment.

Question 6

What happens if you expose different receptors in taste neurons? 2•

Answer 6

•Any compound + receptor leading to depolarization in sweet neurons will be attractive
•Any compound + receptor leading to depolarization in bitter neurons will be aversive (strong dislike).

Question 7

Octogenetics?

Answer 7

A biological technique to control tube activity of neurons or other cell types with light. It uses bacterial channel rhodopsins (light gated ion channels).

Question 8

!!!!!!!Type of optogenetic channels?

Question 9

!!!Dopamine?

Answer 9

A type of neurotransmitter

Question 10

How do motor neurons work?

Answer 10

When sodium enters the cell, then action potential occurs if over threshold and action is done.

Question 11

!!!How are neurons connected (e.g., sensor neurons -> interneuron -> motor neuron)!!

Question 12

Interneuron A?

Answer 12

Gauge the strength of the sugar sensation.

Question 13

!!!Sugar situation alone in P.E.R.?

Question 14

Interneuron B?

Answer 14

Compares strength of sugar taste vs bitter taste.

Question 15

Modulation of neural circuits by internal state?

Answer 15

Alterations in firing of interneuron A or interneuron B by altering the firing dopaminergic neuron, which fires interneuron A.