16.0

Question 1

aseptic meningitis

Answer 1

enteroviruses are the most common causes of meningts - inflammation of the tissue layers surrounding the brain (meninges)

Question 2

meningitis caused by viruses are called

Answer 2

aseptic meningitis

Question 3

meningitis

Answer 3

infection and associated inflammatory reaction occurs in the subarachnoid space and involves the arachnoid mater and pia mater meningeal layers
the cerebrospinal fluid is located within this space and the leucocytes arising from the inflammatory reaction are found in this fluid

Question 4

major difference between septic and aseptic meningitis

Answer 4

the type of white cell reaction to the pathogen
viral meningitis - mononuclear cell response
pyogenic bacterial meningitis - polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) response
measuring these cells in the CSF can help to differentiate between the two types of meningitis

Question 5

clinical features of meningitis

Answer 5

headache
photophobia 
neck stiffness 
fever 
nausea, vomiting 
drowsiness, confusion 

viral meningitis, unlike bacterial, is usually self limiting and does not result in permanent neurological damage

Question 6

hand, foot and mouth disease

Answer 6

usually in cchildren, frequnelty occurs in outbreaks
the main feature is a herpetiform rash
sore throat/mouth
fever
painful vesicular lesions, ulcers, on buccal mucosa and tongue
skin lesions, usually hands and feet, palms and soles

Question 7

herpangina

Answer 7

this infection produces lesons similar to HFM but not on hands or feet
sore throat
vesicular enenthem of fauces and soft palate
fever, vomiting, myalgia, headache

Question 8

pleurodynia (bornholm’s disease)

Answer 8

a muscle infection, usually of older adults

• fever
• sudden onset of sharp stabbing pain, intercostal muscles or subxiphoid upper abdominal muscles

Question 9

myopericarditis

Answer 9

viral infection of the heart usually involves inflammation of both the pericardium and the myocardium
- dull or sharp chest pain
may see enlarged heart on CXR
- may see abdominal cardiac rhythm or congestive heart failure
- acute mortality up to 4%
- more common in young adults

Question 10

polio

Answer 10

the most important of the enetrovirus diseases is caused by the poliovirus
at one time a common disease in all parts of the world but very uncommon now due to vaccination

Question 11

wild type polio is still endemic in

Answer 11

afganistan

malawi

Question 12

polio is spread by

Answer 12

feacal oral route

spread is enhance by poor hygiene and social conditions

Question 13

outcomes of infection with polio virus

Answer 13

95% asymptomatic 
<1% major illnes - flacid paralysis 
remainder 'minor' illness 
- non-specific febrile illness
- non-apralytic polio, asyptic meningitis

Question 14

poliovirus targets

Answer 14

the motor neurons of the anterior horn cells of the spine and in the motor nuclei of the pons and medulla
death of those neurons results in paralysis
- respiratory paralysis
- disability due to paralysed arms, legs
- deformities due to lack of muscle balance
- loss of bladder control
- urinary and respiratory infections
- mortality up to 75% depending on the form

Question 15

enterovirus 71 disease

Answer 15

only enetrovirus other than polio virus that can produce paralytic disease
EV71 infection, like infection with other enteroviruses, may occur in epidemics

Question 16

manifestations of enterovirus 71

Answer 16

non specific illness
hand foot and mouth disease
aseptic meningitis 
encephalitis 
paralytic disease