1.6 The Cell Cycle And Cell Division Flashcards
What is the two type of chromosome numbers ?
Haploid and diploid
What is a haploid number ?
One complete set of chromosomes (n)
What is a diploid number
Two complete sets of chromosome (2n)
What are the three phases in the cell cycle ?
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
What happens in the interphase
- Organelle replication
- DNA replicates - quantity doubles
- Proteins and enzymes synthesised
- Cell increases inside - atp synthesis
What is the 4(6) stages of mitosis
(Interphase)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(Cytokinesis)
What happens in the prophase ?
- Chromosomes condense ( pairs of chromatids)
- Centrioles move (animal cells)
- Microtubules form
- Spindle fibres extended from pole to pole
- Nuclear envelopes disintegrates + nucleolus disappears
What happens in the metaphase
- Chromosomes attach to spindle fibres at centromere
2.align on equator
What happens in anaphase
- Rapid stage
- Centromeres separate
- Spindle fibres shorten
- Separated chromatids are pulled to poles, centromeres first
What happens in telophase
- Final stage
- Chromatids reach poles (referred to as chromosomes)
Reverse of phrophase changes ?
- Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen
- Spindle fibres break down
- Nuclear envelopes reforms
- Nucleolus reappears
What happens in cytokinesis during mitosis
- Division of the cytoplasm
What is the change in shape in animal cells after mitosis
Cell becomes more round after mitosis
Are centrioles present in animal and plant cells ?
Present in animal not in plant
What is the difference in cytokinesis phase between animal and plant cells
In animal cells, cleavage furrow develops from the outside inwards
In plant cells, cell plate develops from the center outwards
What are the three significance of mitosis
- Chromosome number (remains the same) 2x daughter cells genetically identical to parent greater genetic ability
- Growth and repair
- Asexual reproduction
What is proto-oncogenes
A gene that does not cause cancer (can become an oncogene if altered by mutation or virus)
What is oncogenes
A gene with a potential to cause cancer
Terminology for labelling a homologous pair
Chromosome
Chromatid
Centromere
Homologous pair
What happens in meiosis
- Chromosomes duplicate
- Homologous chromosomes separate
- Sister chromosomes separate
What is the 5 phases of meiosis 1
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis
What is a haploid
Containing a single set of chromosomes
What is a gamete
Sex cell
What is a zygote
The result of the fusion of a sperm and an egg
Where does Meiosis take place
Takes place in reproductive organs
What happens in meiosis 1
Homologous pairs separate. Each daughter cells has half the initial number of chromosomes but each chromosome compromises two chromatids
What happens in meiosis 2
Chromatids separate. Each daughter cells genetically identical has half the initial number of chromosomes, each with only one chromatid
What happens in meiosis - prophase 1
- Chromosomes condense - visible as two chromatids
- Centrioles separate (animals) - move to poles
- Polymerisation of microtubules and spindle forms
- Homologous chromosomes associate in pairs - bivalent
- Crossing over
What happens in meiosis - metaphase 1
- Pairs of homologous chromosomes arrange themselves either side of equator
- Independent assortment
What is independent assortment
Either of a pair of homologous chromosomes moves to either pole at anaphase 1 of meiosis, independently of the chromosomes of other homologous pairs
What happens in meiosis - anaphase 1
- Spindle fibres shorten
- Homologous chromosomes separate
- One pulled to each pole
- At each pole random mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes
What happens in meiosis - telophase 1
- some species - nuclear envelope reforms,
female mammals
nuclear envelope reforms, long time between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 - many species - chromosomes stay condensed,
Male mammals
Meiosis 2 follows meiosis 1 rapidly ( no telophase 1 or interphase )
What happens during cytokinesis in meiosis 1
Division of cytoplasm
= 2 haploid cells
What are the 4 stages of meiosis 2
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
What happens in meiosis - prophase 2
- Centrioles separate
- Organise new spindle at right angles to old spindle
What happens during meiosis - metaphase 2
- Chromosomes line up on equator
- Each chromosomes attached to spindle fibre by its centromere
- Independent assortment - chromatids of chromosomes face either pole
What happens in meiosis - anaphase 2
- Centromeres divide
- Spindle fibres shorten
- Chromatids pulled to opposite poles
What happens in meiosis - telophase 2
- Chromatids lengthen
- Spindle disintegrates
- Nuclear envelope reforms
- Nucleoli re-form
What happens in cytokinesis during meiosis 2
Produced 4 haploid daughter cells
What is the significance of meiosis
- Keeps chromosome number constant from one generation to next
- Generates genetic variation in gametes - crossing over and independent assertion
- Variation - important for survival or species