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Bioleg > 1.1 Chemical elements joined together to form biological compounds > Flashcards

1.1 Chemical elements joined together to form biological compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Molecules

A

A group of atoms bonded together
C6H12O6

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2
Q

Definition of Ions

A

Atom or molecules with a net electric charge (+ or -) due to the loss or gain of electron

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3
Q

Compounds

A

Formed from 2 or more elements H2O

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4
Q

Function of magnesium

A

Constituent of chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Function of Iron

A

Constituent of hemoglobin

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6
Q

Function of Phosphate

A

Making nucleotides e.g ATP, DNA, RNA. Constituent of phospholipids

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7
Q

Function of Calcium

A

Structural component of bones and teeth, component of cell walls

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8
Q

Structure of water

A

Covalent bonds
Polar
Molecule

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9
Q

Polar - water

A

Oxygen is slightly negatively charged
Hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules.

The slightly negative oxygen of one water molecule attracts the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other water molecules

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11
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

is the measure of the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a fixed amount of that substance by 1ᵒC

A large amount of energy is needed to cause a small rise in the temperature of water - aquatic environments stay stable

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12
Q

Universal solvent

A
  • unequal distribution electrical charge makes water a good solvent
  • polar molecules e.g amino acid, sugar readily dissolve in water
  • non polar molecules such as lipids will not dissolve in water
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13
Q

Ice is less dense than water

A
  • forms an insulating when frozen
  • ponds and aquatic habitats do not freeze solid so animals can still swim
    -Water expands when frozen
    -Ice floats on water
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14
Q

High latent heat of vaporisation

A

A lot of energy is needed to evaporate water so organisms use water to cool down (e.g Sweating) and aquatic habitats don’t disappear easily by evaporation

  • Transpiration in plants also has a cooling effect on leaves
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15
Q

Water is transparent

A

Light can pass through aquatic plants to photosynthesise

Light can pass through the cytoplasm of plant cells to reach the chloroplast

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16
Q

High surface tension

A

Cohesion is the tendency of molecules of a substance to attract one another

Cohesion between the water molecules on the surface of the water forms a skin that covers the water

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17
Q

Cohesion

A

Water to water

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18
Q

Adhesion

A

Water to object

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19
Q

Water is a metabolite

A

Water is used in many biochemical reaction e.g as a reactant in photosynthesis

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20
Q

Water is a liquid at most temperatures

A

can be used as a transport medium e.g in blood, xylem in plants

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21
Q

What compounds are in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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22
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Source of energy
  2. Store of energy
  3. Structural support
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23
Q

3 main types of carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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24
Q

General formula of carbohydrates

A

n(CnH2nOn)

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25
Q

Name the 2 glucose monomers

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

ABBA

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26
Q

Definition of isomer

A

They have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

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27
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

A

Sweet, soluble
- When C-H and C-C bond are broken - energy released - transferred to make ATP
- As building blocks to make larger molecules
- Intermediates in reactions e.g triose intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis reactions

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28
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical addition of water to break a bond

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29
Q

How are disaccharide formed

A

Formed when 2 monosaccharides join together

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30
Q

What is released during a condensation reaction?

A

Water

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31
Q

What’s the name of the reaction when 2 monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation reaction

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32
Q

What’s the name of the bond when 2 monosaccharides bond together?

A

Glycosidic bond

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33
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form Sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

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34
Q

What is the name of the disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose

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35
Q

What’s the source of sucrose?

A

Stored in plants such as sugar beet and sugar canes

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36
Q

What is the name of the disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose?

A

Lactose

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37
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form Lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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38
Q

What is the source of Lactose?

A

Milk sugar - main carbohydrate found in milk

39
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form Maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

40
Q

What is the source of Maltose?

A

Malt sugar found in seeds such as barley

41
Q

What is the name of the disaccharide formed from glucose and glucose?

A

Maltose

42
Q

What test detects sugars in solutions?

A

Benedict’s test

43
Q

Benedict’s test

A

Need to heat solution
- Colour changes from blue, green, yellow to a brick read if sugar is present

44
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule comprising of repeated monomers, bonded together

45
Q

Monomer

A

are the individual monosaccharides which join to form the polysaccharide

46
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process of bonding many monomers by condensation reactions to form one large molecules

47
Q

2 examples of alpha glucose polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen

48
Q

2 examples of beta glucose polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Chitin

49
Q

Polymer made up of alpha glucose molecules bonded together in 2 different ways, forming what 2 polymers?

A

amylose and amylopectin

50
Q

Startch facts

A

it is a polysaccharide
insoluble
store of glucose in plants

51
Q

How to test for starch?

A

Iodine test

52
Q

What colour does iodine change if starch is present?

A

Brown- orange to blue-black

53
Q

Amylose

A

-unbranched polymer
-α glucose
-C1-C4 glycosidic bonds
-twists on it’s self

54
Q

Amylopectin

A

-chains of glucose monomers joined with
-C1-C4 glycosidic bonds crosslinked with C1-C6 glycosidic bonds
-α glucose

55
Q

Glycogen

A

-Main storage product in animals in muscle and liver
-Similar to amylopectin but glycogens C1-C4 bond is shorter than amylopectin so its more branched
-C1-C4 and C1-C6 glycosidic bonds
-α glucose

56
Q

Cellulose

A

-a structural polysaccharide - cell wall of plants
-β glucose
-C1-C4 glycosidic bonds
-unbranched
-Hydrogen crosslinked bonds
-adjacent glucose molecules rotated 180*

57
Q

Chitin

A

-a structural polysaccharide
-β glucose
-C1-C4
-Amino acid side chains
-Rotated 180*
-cross linked by hydrogen bonds
*Strong
*Waterproof
*Lightweight

58
Q

What are the compounds of lipids?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

59
Q

Examples of lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Waxes
  4. Steroids
60
Q

Lipids are ……

A

Non-polar
Insoluble in water
Fats and oils

61
Q

Triglycerides consists of……

A

One molecule of glycerol
Three molecules of fatty acids

62
Q

What group joined to the long hydrocarbon chain at the end of the fatty acid?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

63
Q

Saturated fatty acid contains

A

only C-C single bonds

64
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid contains

A

at least one C=C double bond

65
Q

Triglycerides are formed as a result of what reaction and which groups of the fatty acid are involved?

A

condensation reaction

-OH of the glycerol and the -COOH of each fatty acid

66
Q

How many water molecules are removed in the formation of triglycerides?

A

3
3 condensation reactions

67
Q

For each condensation reaction in a triglyceride what bond is formed?

A

Ester bond

68
Q

Triglycerides contain

A

Glycerol
3 fatty acids
NO phosphate

69
Q

Phospholipids contain

A

Glycerol
2 fatty acids
Phosphate

70
Q

Phosphate head is …..

A

water loving
polar
hydrophilic
soluble in water

lots of oxygen

71
Q

Fatty acid tail is…..

A

water hating
non polar
hydrophobic
insoluble in water

no oxygen

72
Q

Waxes are….

A

Long-chained fatty acids are linked to a long-chained alcohol

Insoluble waxy cuticle

73
Q

Roles of lipids - triglycerides

A

Energy reserves - Plant (seed), animal (adipose tissue)

Thermal insulation -stored under the skin - insulate against heat loss or heat gain

Protection - stored around delicate organs - kidney

Metabolic water - released during chemical reactions in the body

74
Q

Roles of lipids - phospholipids

A

Biological - cell membrane

Electrical insulation - myelin sheath surrounding axons of nerve cells

75
Q

Cause of heart disease

A

-fatty deposit sin the coronary arteries
- high blood pressure

76
Q

High density lipoproteins

A

when food has been absorbed at the small intestine

-Diet in high saturated fats
-Increase in low density lipoproteins
-Atheroma deposited in coronary
-Angina, myocardial infarction

77
Q

What 2 compounds combine to make lipoprotein?

A

Protein and lipids

78
Q

The higher the ratio of high density lipoproteins : low density lipoproteins in a persons blood, the lower the risk of…….

A

cardio-vascular and coronary heart disease

79
Q

What compounds are in proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and NITROGEN

some sulphur contains phosphorus

80
Q

What is a monomer of protein called?

A

Amino acid

81
Q

What is a polymer of protein called?

A

Polypeptide
(chain of amino acids)

82
Q

What 3 groups form amino acid?

A
  1. Variable R group
  2. Carboxyl group (-COOH)
  3. Amino acid (-NH2)
83
Q

What’s the name of the bond that joins 2 amino acids (dipeptide) And what’s the reaction?

A

Peptide bond

Condensation reaction

84
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

Simple

-20 different amino acids
-Peptide bonds join the amino acids

85
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

Hydrogen bonds
-long polypeptide chain twists into a 3D shape
1. Alpha helix
2. Beta pleated sheet

86
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein

A

alpha helix of a secondary protein can be folded and twisted to give a MORE complex 3D structure
-Hydrogen bonds
-Ionic bonds
-Disulphide bonds
-Peptide bonds

Hydrophobic interaction

87
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein

A

2 or more tertiary bonded together
-Hydrogen bonds
-Ionic bonds
-Disulphide bonds
-Peptide bonds

Hydrophobic interaction

e.g red blood cells

88
Q

Globular proteins - hemoglobin

A

-hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chains

-spherical
-own specific shape
-soluble
-easily changed chemically- unstable
-Metabolic functions

89
Q

Fibrous proteins - collagen

A

-consists of polypeptides laid down in parallel chains
-very stable, insoluble, strong
- a single collagen fiber consists of 3 polypeptide chains that’s twisted in a alpha helix form
-Hydrogen bonds
-similar shapes
-Structural functions

90
Q

What iron containing group is in a globular protein? And what does it do?

A
  • center of each polypeptide chain is an iron-containing group called haem
    -Heam contains an iron ion - each iron ion can bond with one molecule of oxygen
  • each hemoglobin can pick up four oxygen molecules
91
Q

What’s the food test of proteins?

A

Biuret changes from blue to purple

92
Q

Qualitative

A

result indicates whether food group is present or not

don’t know how much is present

93
Q

Semi-quantitative

A

different colour changes can indicate different concentration

94
Q

Quantitative

A

actual value for the concentration of food group present

colorimeter

Bioleg (5 decks)

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