1.2 Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards
Eukaryote - Animal Cell
Contains a nucleus
Organelle - A specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell
Nucleus
Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis
Nucleolus
Produces rRNA/ ribosomes
Nuclear envelope/ membrane
Separates the DNA from the rest of the cell
Nucleoplasm
Contains chromatin. This condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
Nuclear Pore
Movement of mRNA/ ribosomes OUT of nucleus
Mitochondria
ATP synthesis/ Aerobic respiration
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes
Parallel double membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid Synthesis
NO ribosomes
Membranes NOT parallel
Ribosomes
Smaller in prokaryotic cells (70s)
In cytoplasm and attached to RER
Produced in nucleolus from rRNA and protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Golgi Body
Packaging and modification of protein
Secreting carbohydrates
Produces glycoproteins
Produces lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes
Produces secretory enzymes
Lysosomes
Made at the Golgi Body
Small vacuoles
Contain digestive enzymes
Destroys worn out organelles
Autolysis
Centrioles
Only in animal cells
Located at the nucleus in an area called the centrosomes
The divide during cell division and move to the poles where they synthesise spindle fibers
Cell Membranes
Transport system
Large surface area
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyl
Palisade cell
Cell Wall
Only in plat cell
Transport
Mechanical strength
Communication between cells
OSMOSIS - don’t burst
Vacuole
Plant cell
Cell sap - glucose, amino acids, minerals and pigments
Plasmodesmata
Gap in-between cells
Prokaryotic (contains)
Loose DNA in cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan (murein)
70 ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Prokaryotic - definition
single celled organism lacking membrane - bound organelles, such as a nucleus with DNA free in the cytoplasm - not as chromosomes
Viruses
No Nucleus, no cytoplasm, no chromosomes
Can reproduce inside host cells
Organ
A group of tissues in a structural unit, working together a perform a specific function
Tissue function
Line organs
Sit on a basement membrane
3 types of tissues
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar
Simple Squamous
Alveoli
Short diffusion pathway
Simple Cuboidal
Kidney tubules
one cell thick - diffusion pathway
Simple Columnar
Trachea - traps dust
Fallopian tubes - moves the egg along
Long and thin
Connective tissue
Suports, connects or separates tissue and organs
3 types of muscle tissue
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
System ysgarthu
Involuntary control
Cardiac muscle tissue
Heart
Involuntary control
Skeletal muscle tissue
Muscles e.g arm, leg
Voluntary control
Differences between animal and plant cell
- Cell wall in plant not animal
- Chloroplasts in plant not animal
- Plasmodesmata in plant not animal
- Vacuole in plant not permanent in animal
- centrioles in animal not plant
- animal energy storage is glycogen and plants energy storage is starch
- animal and plant size 30um
Explain and link the organelles
- Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus and then take their place on the RER
- mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and attaches to ribosomes ready for protein synthesis
- protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes
- polypeptides are carried in vesicles to the Golgi body where they are packaged and processed
- they are packaged into vesicles and carried to the cell membrane
Cell theory
- all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
- cells are the basic building blocks of life
- all cells come from existing cells
1 and 2 from tieldore shwan
3 from rudolf virchow
Define organsim
An individual animal, plant or single celled life form
Define organ system
Group of organs that work together
Define organ
A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit
Define tissue
A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Define cell
The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissue of the body
