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Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 > 1.6 PROTEIN CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

1.6 PROTEIN CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main requirement of cell division?

A

Remodelling of the cell’s cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

To give mechanical support and shape to cells

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4
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

Different types of proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Hollow straight rods

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6
Q

What are the rods that make up microtubules made of?

A

Globular proteins known as tubulins

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7
Q

What is the purpose of microtubules?

A

To govern location and movement of membrane-bound organelles and other cell components

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8
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

All eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

Where do microtubules radiate from?

A

The microtubule organising centre (MTOC)

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10
Q

What is the MTOC also known as?

A

The centrosome

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11
Q

Which necessary structure do microtubules form during cell division?

A

Spindle fibres

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12
Q

What does the cell cycle regulate?

A

Growth and replacement of genetically identical cells

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13
Q

Over what time period does the cell cycle regulate growth and replacement of cells?

A

The entire life of the organism

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14
Q

Unconrolled reduction in rate of cell cycle could result in?

A

A degenerative disease

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15
Q

Unconrolled increase in rate of cell cycle could result in?

A

Tumour formation

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16
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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17
Q

What is interphase?

A

Cell growth divided into three further stages

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18
Q

What are the three sub-phases of interphase?

A

G1, S phase, G2 phase

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19
Q

What occurs during G1 phase?

A

Proteins and organelles synthesised

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20
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

Cell continues to grow, DNA replication

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21
Q

What occurs during G2 phase?

A

More growth - more proteins and organelles synthesised

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22
Q

What follows interphase?

A

Mitotic phase

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23
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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24
Q

What happens to chromosomes during prophase?

A

Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere

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25
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm during prophase?

A

Mitotic spindle begins to form

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26
Q

Where does mitotic spindle begin to form during prophase?

A

Between two centrosomes

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27
Q

What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

A

They line up on metaphase plate in centre of cell

28
Q

What attaches to chromatids during metaphase?

A

Microtubules from opposite ends of parent cell

29
Q

Where do microtubules join to chromatids?

A

At the kinetochore

30
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres shorten

31
Q

What is the result of spindle fibres shortening?

A

Sister chromatids move apart as paired centromeres separate

32
Q

What happens to the cell during telophase?

A

Lengthens and nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes

33
Q

What happens to chromosomes during telophase?

A

Begin to uncoil

34
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle also takes place during telophase?

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q

What does cytokinesis involve?

A

Separation of cytoplasm into two daughter cells

36
Q

What regulates progression through the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints

37
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

Critical control points which signal stop and go ahead

38
Q

Where are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1, G2, Metaphase

39
Q

Which is the most important checkpoint for many cells?

A

G1 checkpoint

40
Q

What is the result of a go ahead signal not being reached at G1 checkpoint?

A

Cell may switch to G0 phase

41
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

Non-dividing state

42
Q

What happens as cell size increases during G1 phase?

A

Cyclin proteins accumulate

43
Q

What do cyclin proteins combine with?

A

Cyclin-dependant kinases (Cdks)

44
Q

What are cyclin-dependant kinases?

A

Regulatory proteins

45
Q

What is the result of cyclin proteins combining with Cdks?

A

Cyclin-dependant kinases are activated

46
Q

What do activated Cdks do?

A

Cause phosphorylation of proteins that stimulate cell cycle

47
Q

What results in a go ahead signal at G1 checkpoint?

A

Threshold of phosphorylation of cell cycle-stimulating proteins by Cdks is surpassed

48
Q

What results in a stop signal at G1 checkpoint?

A

Insufficent phosphorylation of cell cycle-stimulating proteins by Cdks

49
Q

What does the G1 Cdk do?

A

Phosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb)

50
Q

What is a retinoblastoma protein?

A

A transcription factor inhibitor

51
Q

What is the phosphorylation of Rb protein allow?

A

DNA replication in S phase

52
Q

What does DNA damage trigger?

A

Activation of several proteins including p53

53
Q

What can p53 do?

A

Stimulate DNA repair, arrest the cell cycle, cause cell death

54
Q

What must be carefully controlled in a multicellular organism?

A

Cell destruction

55
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

56
Q

What is apoptosis triggered by?

A

Cell death signals

57
Q

What do cell death signals activate?

A

Inactive forms of DNAase and proteinases (caspases)

58
Q

What do activated DNAases and proteinases (caspases) do?

A

Destroy the cell

59
Q

Where may cell death signals come from?

A

May originate outwith the cell

60
Q

Name a possible source of extracellular cell death signals.

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Where are receptors for extracellular cell death signals found?

A

Cell surface

62
Q

What is the result of an extracellular cell death signal binding to its receptor?

A

Activation of caspase-producing protein cascade

63
Q

Name a possible source of intracellular cell death signals.

A

p53 protein

64
Q

How does p53 protein trigger cell death?

A

Activation of caspase cascade

65
Q

Name one other reason cells may initaite apoptosis.

A

Absence of cell growth factors

Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 (6 decks)

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