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Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 > 1.1 LAB TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGISTS > Flashcards

1.1 LAB TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGISTS Flashcards

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1
Q

What can chemicals and organisms be?

A

Intrinsically hazardous

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2
Q

What can chemicals and organisms pose risk to?

A

People, other organisms, environment

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3
Q

Give an example of a physical control measure.

A

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

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4
Q

Give an example of a biological control measure.

A

Using a more suitable strain of microorgansim

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5
Q

What is a linear dilution series?

A

A range of dilutions which differ by an equal interval

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6
Q

How do you perform a linear dilution series?

A

Add different volumes of stock solution to different volumes of solvent

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7
Q

What is a logarithmic dilution series?

A

A range of dilutions which differ by a constant proportion

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8
Q

How do you perform a logarithmic dilution series?

A

Add same volumes of stock to same volumes of solvent using each solution as stock for subsequent dilution

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9
Q

What is the result of an error being made while making stock?

A

Errors are compounded in any further dilutions made

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10
Q

What is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?

A

A standard curve for determination of an unkown

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11
Q

What is a ‘standard curve’?

A

A series of ‘standards’ of known concentrations are measured and depicted on a graph

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12
Q

What is a pH buffer?

A

A solution whose pH changes very little when either a small amount of acid or base is added

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13
Q

What is used to measure pH?

A

A meter or indicator

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14
Q

Name 5 tools used to measure liquid volumes.

A

Cylinders, pipettes, burettes, autopipettors, syringes

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15
Q

What is a colorimeter used for?

A

Quantifying the concentration of a pigmented compound

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16
Q

What can substances be separated by?

A

Solubility, size, shape, charge

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17
Q

What is centrifugation used to separate?

A

Pellet and supernatant

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18
Q

What is the pellet?

A

Largest and densest materials at bottom of tube

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19
Q

What is the supernatant?

A

The liquid remaining above the pellet

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20
Q

What separates pellets and supernatants?

A

Size and density

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21
Q

What is the purpose of chromatography?

A

To separate the components of a mixture - amino acids and proteins

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22
Q

Name the three types of chromatography.

A

Paper, thin layer, affinity

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23
Q

How does paper chromatography separate components?

A

Solvent is drawn up a piece of chromatography paper

24
Q

How does thin layer chromatography separate components?

A

Using a TLC strip

25
Q

How does affinity chromatography separate components?

A

Relies on binding interactions between protein of interest and a ligand

26
Q

What does electrophoresis separate?

A

Proteins

27
Q

How does electrophoresis separate proteins?

A

Uses a current flowing through a buffer

28
Q

What factors affect protein migration in a gel?

A

Size and charge

29
Q

How can proteins be separated by their pH?

A

They are separated at their iso-electric point

30
Q

What happens at a protein’s iso-electric point?

A

Has overall neutral charge and precipitates out solution

31
Q

What can antibody techniques be used for?

A

Detection and identification of specific proteins

32
Q

What proteins are involved in immunoassay techniques?

A

Antibodies linked to reporter enzymes

33
Q

What do antibodies linked to reporter enzymes in immunoassay techniques do?

A

Cause a colour change in presence of a specific antigen

34
Q

What are antibodies also involved in?

A

Protein blotting and immunohistochemical staining of tissue

35
Q

What is the first stage of protein blotting?

A

Proteins separated by electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane

36
Q

What happens after the proteins are transferred to a membrane in protein blotting?

A

Membrane is probed for protein of interest using an antibody linked to a detectable label

37
Q

How does the label indicate the presence of a target protein in protein blotting?

A

May be linked to a reporter enzyme which causes a detectable colour change in protein’s presence

38
Q

What is immunohistochemical staining used for?

A

To visualise distribution of specific cellular components in live cells

39
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Using hybridomas

40
Q

How are hybridomas produced?

A

Fusing a B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell

41
Q

What is used to fuse a B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell?

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

42
Q

What is bright field microscopy used for?

A

Examination of whole/parts of organisms or thin sections of dissected tissue

43
Q

How does bright field microscopy work?

A

Light transmitted through a specimen to an objective lens (for magnification) and then to an eyepiece

44
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy enable?

A

Visualisation of particular protein structures

45
Q

How does fluorescence microscopy work?

A

Fluorescent markers added to specific protein structures, cells placed on a slide, structures visualised through fluorescence microscope

46
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

A

Practices and procedures used to prevent contamination from pathogens

47
Q

Give two examples of aseptic techniques.

A

Sterilisation of containers, equipment and materials, disinfection of working area

48
Q

What is inoculum?

A

Cells that are used to inoculate culture media

49
Q

What are explants?

A

Small pieces of tissue

50
Q

What are haemocytometers used for?

A

Estimation of total cell counts

51
Q

What is vital staining used for?

A

Estimation of viable cell counts

52
Q

What does culture media contain?

A

Requirements of the cells

53
Q

What does complex culture media contain?

A

Factors from serum for animal cell lines

54
Q

Compare the lifetime of primary cell lines vs cancer cell lines.

A

Primary cell lines have a limited lifetime whereas cancer cell lines grow and divide indefinitely

55
Q

What are growth regulators used for in plant tissue culture?

A

Induction of embryogenesis to generate whole new embryonic plants

Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 (6 decks)

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