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Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 > 1.5 COMMUNICATION WITHIN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS > Flashcards

1.5 COMMUNICATION WITHIN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Flashcards

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1
Q

How do multicelluar organisms achieve coordination?

A

Through extracellular signalling molecules, receptors and responses

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2
Q

What are receptor molecules?

A

Proteins in target cells with a binding site for a specific molecule

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3
Q

What effect does binding have on receptor molecules?

A

Conformational change

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4
Q

What is the result of a conformational change of a receptor molecule?

A

It alters the response of the cell

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5
Q

How is extracellular signalling specific?

A

Different cells produce specific signal molecules which can only be detected and responded to by cells with the specific receptors

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6
Q

In which type of organism is a tissue-specific response to the same signal possible?

A

Multicellular organisms

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7
Q

Where can receptors for hydrophobic signalling molecules be found?

A

In the cytoplasm or nucleus of their target cell

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8
Q

How is it possible that hydrophobic signalling molecules have receptors inside of the target cell?

A

They are lipid soluble

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9
Q

What does lipid soluble mean?

A

The substance can move through the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What can hydrophobic signalling molecules directly influence?

A

Transcription of genes

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11
Q

Give two examples of types of hydrophobic signalling molecules.

A

Thyroxine, steroid hormones

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12
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A thyroid hormone

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13
Q

What does thyroxine hormone receptor bind to in the absence of thyroxine?

A

DNA

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14
Q

What is the result of thyroxine hormone receptor binding to DNA?

A

Inhibition of transcription of Na/KATPase gene

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15
Q

What is the result of thyroxine binding to its receptor?

A

Conformational change of thyroxine hormone receptor

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16
Q

What is the result of the conformational change to thyroxine hormone receptor?

A

Thyroxine hormone receptor can no longer bind to DNA

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17
Q

What happens when thyroxine hormone receptor cannot bind to DNA?

A

Transcription of Na/KATPase gene, increasing metabolic rate

18
Q

What is the receptor protein for steroid hormones?

A

Transcription factor

19
Q

What is the result of a steroid hormone binding to a transcription factor?

A

Transcription factor can bind to gene regulatory sequence of DNA

20
Q

What happens when a transcription factor binds to a gene regulatory sequence?

A

Transcription occurs

21
Q

Where are receptors for hydrophilic signalling molecules found?

A

At the surface of the cell

22
Q

Give two examples of hydrophilic signalling molecules.

A

Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters

23
Q

What happens to transmembrane receptors when a ligand binds outside of the cell?

A

Transmembrane receptors undergo conformational change

24
Q

How is a hydrophilic signal transmitted across the membrane?

A

Signal transduction

25
Q

What does signal transduction often involve?

A

Cascades of G proteins or phosphorylation by kinase enzymes

26
Q

Name the two types of diabetes.

A

Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

27
Q

Name the two types of peptide hormone.

A

Insulin and ADH

28
Q

Where are receptors for insulin located?

A

Fat and muscle cells

29
Q

What is the result of insulin binding to its receptor?

A

Recruitment of GLUT 4 glucose transporters triggered

30
Q

Where are GLUT 4 glucose transporters recruited to?

A

Cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

31
Q

What do GLUT 4 glucose transporters facilitate?

A

Uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells

32
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Failure to produce insulin

33
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Loss of receptor function

34
Q

Which type of diabetes (mellitus) is obesity usually associated?

A

Type 2

35
Q

Other than insulin binding, what also triggers recruitment of GLUT 4 glucose transporters?

A

Exercise

36
Q

Why is exercise recommended to sufferers of type 2 diabetes?

A

It triggers recruitment of GLUT 4 glucose transporter therefore increasing uptake of glucose to fat and muscle cells

37
Q

Where are receptors for ADH located?

A

Collecting duct of kidney

38
Q

What is the result of ADH binding to its receptor?

A

Recruitment of aquaporin 2 (AQP2)

39
Q

What does aquaporin 2 do?

A

Provides efficient route for water to move across membranes

40
Q

What does aquaporin 2 enable?

A

Control of water balance in terrestrial vertebrates

41
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

Failure to produce ADH / Insensitivity of ADH receptors

Cfe Advanced Higher Biology - Unit 1 (6 decks)

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