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Biological > 16) Investigating the brain > Flashcards

16) Investigating the brain Flashcards

1
Q

When were post mortems used

A

19th & 20th century

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2
Q

Where is Brocas area

A

left frontal lobe

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3
Q

Broca’s area function

A

speech

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4
Q

brief NS structure (microscopic analysis of neural tissue)

A

6 layers of neocortex (brain cortex) found by Brodmann

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5
Q

two examples of structural imaging

A

CT scan
MRI

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6
Q

CT scan

A

Computerized tomography

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7
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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8
Q

CT scan explained

A

contrast dye injected into blood
xrays taken from different angles
scanner rotates to measure these angles
radiation absorption varies with tissue density
computer constructs images of the brain

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9
Q

MRI explained

A

magnetic field 25000 times greater than that of earth
brain atoms release electromagnetic energy
£D image of brain created

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10
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

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11
Q

EEG explained

A

Electrical brain activity measured on scalp
sensitive to post synaptic dendritic currents generated by synchronised active neurons

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12
Q

strength of EEG

A

excellent temporal resolution (<1ms)

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13
Q

weakness of EEG

A

poor spatial resolution - scalp signal is sum of signals from diff sources (locations cant be accurately inferred)

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14
Q

Hans Berger 1929

A

first to record electric potentials from brain on scalp using EEG

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15
Q

Nervous system activity (impulses) (5)

A

Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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16
Q

Delta

A

0.5 - 4Hz
sleep

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17
Q

theta

A

4-7Hz
sleep
meditation
excess theta for age-abnormal activity due to focal subcortical lesions

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18
Q

alpha

A

8-12Hz
relaxation

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19
Q

beta

A

12-30Hz
alertness, attention, REM sleep

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20
Q

Gamma

A

30-100Hz

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21
Q

Phineas Gage

A

damage to ventral part of PFC
intact speech and movement
disinhibition of innappropriate behaviour

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22
Q

brain damage trials

A

patient with amygdala dysfunction in limbic system drew six emotions - for ‘afraid’ they drew baby not expression

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23
Q

effects of brain surgery

A

mechanical brain injury
stroke
chemical poisoning
neuropsychological test batteries

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24
Q

mapping brain function

A

electric brain stimulation (in vivo) conscious patients during surgery
stimulate areas and see what responds
eg i feel something on my hand or hear something etc

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25
Q

single cell recordings

A

neuron behaviour examined through micro electrodes
records electrical activity of single neuron (but doesn’t stimulate)

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26
Q

animal study - cat
Hunsperger & Bucher (1967)

A

brain electrical stimulation in cats - current provoked expression change
and lesion studies

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27
Q

animal lesion studies

A

deliberately damage or remove specific brain regions and then observe cognitive function and behaviour

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28
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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29
Q

strength of TMS

A

non invasive

30
Q

TMS explained

A

neurons excited or inhibited by externally applied time-varying electromagnetic fields, generated by coil above head

31
Q

ERP

A

Event related potentials

32
Q

ERP explained

A

EEG recording during cognitive task
activity time-locked to external event (eg sound)
peak direction (pos/neg) amplitude and timing used to investigate brain process in diff cognitive domains

33
Q

three examples of brain damage case studies

A

phineas gage - frontal lobe damage
corpus callosotomy
brocas aphasia

34
Q

corpus callosotomy

A

cannot say what object they are holding because RH receives info from hand and LH verbalises the info (same results for visual/verbal info)

35
Q

brocas aphasia

A

patients with lesions to brocas in LH (left ineferior frontal gyrus) have telegraphic speech

36
Q

telegraphic speech

A

two word sentences

37
Q

Quiroga (2005)

A

single cell recordings in hippocampus that recognise specific people

38
Q

ERP components

A

N100
N170

39
Q

N100 (ERP)

A

responds to sounds from auditory cortex (attenuates as listener habituates)

40
Q

N170 (ERP)

A

relatively specialised for facial recognition

41
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

42
Q

MEG explained

A

recording of magnetic fields produced by electrical currents in the brain using arrays of SQUIDs

43
Q

SQUIDs

A

superconducting quantum interference devices

44
Q

MEG qualities

A

signal unaffected by skull, meninges
more sensitive to activity at sulci
ms temporal resolution
potentially good spatial resolution (2-3mm)
expensive and limited availability

45
Q

EEG/ERP qualities

A

signal affected by skull, meninges
sensitive to gyri and sulci activity
ms temporal resolution
poor spatial resolution
cheaper and widely available

46
Q

meninges

A

protect the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

functional imaging

A

measures neuronal activity - eg brain activity associated with cognitive processing

48
Q

2 examples of functional imaging

A

fMRI
PET scan

49
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

50
Q

fMRI explained

A

measures activation by detecting the increase in oxygen levels
active neurons consume oxygen and convert oxyhaemoglobin into deoxyhaemoglobin
measure conc of (de)oxyhaemoglobin in the blood - as in the BOLD response
BOLD response chnage over time shows hemodynamic response function

51
Q

hemodynamic response function

A

allows localisation of active voxels
peaks in 6-8 seconds after event and is extended over time - limiting temporal resolution of fMRI

52
Q

BOLD response

A

blood oxygen level dependent contrast

53
Q

voxel

A

cube/cuboid of brain tissue

54
Q

Wagner (1998)

A

fMRI of word processing:
indicated areas (posterior LIFG, anterior LIFG and fusiform gyrus) more active when words being processed were later recalled, than those that weren’t

55
Q

PET scan

A

Positron Emission Tomography

56
Q

PET explained

A

measures local blood flow into a brain region
radioactive tracer injected into blood stream
tracer takes 30 seconds to peak

57
Q

PET qualities

A

based on blood volume
radioactivity involved
temporal res: 30sec
effective spatial res: 10mm
sensitive to whole brain

58
Q

fMRI qualities

A

based on blood oxygen conc
no radioactivity involved
temporal res: 1-4sec
spatial res: 1mm
some brain regions hard to image (near sinuses)
(lack of precision)

59
Q

neuroanatomy of corpus callosum

A

brain stem
> 200 million axons
wide connectivity with entire cortex
most regions send/receive axons through cc

60
Q

5 regions of the corpus callosum

A

rostrum
genu
body
splenium
anterior commissure

61
Q

epilepsy explained

A

large electrical discharge in focal area then spreads through brain
generalised Grand Mal drops seizures are potentially dangerous as they can lead to further injuries

62
Q

surgical intervention for epilepsy

A

separation of the brain hemispheres
split brain surgery

63
Q

what affliction does split brain surgery rectify

A

epilepsy and grand mal seizures

64
Q

modern split brain methodology - using visual pathway

A

visual info is proceeds to the contralateral hemisphere
hemispheric transfer necessary for each hemisphere to perceive ipsilateral space and for midline fusion

65
Q

contralateral

A

opposite

66
Q

lateral and medial pathways - modern split brain methodology (visual pathway)

A

contralateral control of distal effectors
ipsilateral control of proximal effectors only
can therefore use unilateral inputs and unilateral response to measure hemispheric function

67
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of body

68
Q

unilateral

A

affects only one side

69
Q

Gazzaniga (1962)

A

first study to show lateralised differences in WJ (patient)
- split brain study

70
Q

left hemisphere

A

speech/language
problem solving
arithmetic
generis processing (interpreting the world)
maybe more dominant

71
Q

right hemisphere

A

visuospatial abilities
perceptual grouping
face processing
veridical processing
(higher order perceptual interpretation)

72
Q

veridical processing

A

direct perception of stimuli as they exist (congruent with reality)

Biological (9 decks)

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