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Biological > 14) Synapses > Flashcards

14) Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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2
Q

EPSP - abbreviation

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

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3
Q

EPSP - definition

A

depolarization of the neuron

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4
Q

IPSP - definition

A

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

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5
Q

What pattern do neurons fire in?

A

They fire spontaneously at regular rates

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6
Q

What effect does ipsp have on the rate of APs in the post synaptic neuron

A

decrease

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7
Q

for epsps to increase the rate of APs in the post synaptic neuron what needs to happen

A

the firing needs to be above the threshold

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8
Q

AP

A

Action potential

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9
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons where chemical information is transmitted

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10
Q

where is action potential

A

presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

where is postsynaptic neuron

A

post synaptic neuron

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical particles used to transmit the information through the synapse are called neurotransmitters

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13
Q

tell me about the stability of the amount of neurotransmitters

A

unstable

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14
Q

explain synaptic process

A

AP in presynaptic neuron - changes at end of presynaptic neurons membrane - into ‘holes’ in the membrane
- neurotransmitters released into the gap and diffuse across to the postsynaptic neuron
- where they bind to receptors - opening holes in the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane
- this movement of ions in/out of the gap causes post synaptic potential in the postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

detailed explanation of presynaptic synaptic process

A

action potential reaches end of axon
depolarization opens calcium gates in the pre synaptic membrane
this provokes the sudden release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft.

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16
Q

what effect do synapses have on the speed of transmission

A

slow transmission
transmission takes 2ms (0.0000001cm/ms)

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17
Q

how long does synaptic transmission take

A

transmission takes 2ms (0.0000001cm/ms)

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18
Q

what is the speed of conduction along an axon

A

4cm/ms

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19
Q

outline a neurotransmitters journey

A

diffuses across the synaptic gap to reach post synaptic membrane where it is attached to the receptors
then neurotransmitter binds to the receptor gates open in the postsynaptic membrane

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20
Q

what effect does the quantity of NTs have

A

the quantity of NTs released impacts the robustness of changes in the post synaptic membrane

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21
Q

what is a synapses function

A

to send chemical information through the gap and open ions’ gates in the post synaptic neuron

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22
Q

How does sodium move through an excitatory synapse

A

sodium gates open - sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron - EPSP

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23
Q

how do chloride and potassium move through the inhibitory synapse

A

chloride gates open - chloride ions enter postsynaptic neuron - IPSP
potassium gates open - potassium ions leave the post synaptic neuron - IPSP

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24
Q

What element is associated with excitatory synapse

A

Sodium - Na+

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25
Q

What elements are associated with inhibitory synapses

A

Potassium and Chloride

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26
Q

Three examples of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

glutamate
epinephrine
norepinephryne

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27
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory NT

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28
Q

epinephrine

A

excitatory NT

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29
Q

norepinephryne

A

excitatory NT

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30
Q

two examples of inhibitory NTs

A

GABA
glycine

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31
Q

GABA

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid
inhibitory NT

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32
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory NT

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33
Q

three examples of NTs that can be both inhib and excit

A

acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin

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34
Q

acetylcholine

A

inhib and excit NT

35
Q

dopamine

A

inhib and excit NT

36
Q

serotonin

A

inhib and excit NT

37
Q

receptors

A

chemicals specific to a given type of neurotransmitter - each type of NT interact with multiple different types of receptors

38
Q

what are the two types of receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

39
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

open fast gatest

40
Q

excit and inhib examples of ionotropic receptor

A

glutamate - excitatory
GABA - inhibitory

41
Q

Metabotropic

A

open slow gates

42
Q

ionotropic effects on postsynaptic membrane

A

as soon as NT binds to a receptor on the membrane - the ion gates open

43
Q

what is the speed of the ionotropic effect

A

the process starts in 1ms and lasts for 20ms

44
Q

metabotropic effects on postsynaptic membranes

A

a sequence of metabolic changes in a larger area of the cell

45
Q

speed of metabotropic effects

A

the process starts in 30ms and lasts for seconds, minutes or longer

46
Q

what two processes use ionotropic synapses

A

vision
hearing

47
Q

what three processes use metabotropic synapses

A

taste
hunger
fear

48
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemicals affecting metabotropic receptors
- distinguishes them from the fast effects of the NTs at ionotropic synapses

49
Q

what chemicals may activate metabotropic receptors

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
neuropeptides
glutamate
GABA

50
Q

how many NTs do the majority of neurons release?

A

two or more
each neuron may respond to all types of NTs received at postsynaptic membrane of different synapses

51
Q

synaptic strength

A

plasticity
the strength of a synapse is defined by the size of the postsynaptic potential

52
Q

how may synaptic strength vary?

A

varies over time
short term changes - seconds minutes
long term changes - memory, learning effects, brain plasticity

53
Q

long term potentiation

A

intensive use of a synapse may lead to its potentiation - and therefore stronger effects on postsynaptic membrane
the mechanism behind memory and learning

54
Q

name two ways that plasticity effects brain development

A

synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
synaptic pruning (elimination of unnecessary synapses - age 2 to 16)

55
Q

what happens to used NTs
three options

A

action must be terminated to stop effect on the receptor and to allow frequent responding
reuptake
broken down
diffuse

56
Q

reuptake (NTs)

A

brings NTs back to the presynaptic neuron (by transporters)
recycling process concerns serotonin and catecholamines

57
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

58
Q

break down of NTs

A

eg acetylcholine
broken down to remove used NTs

59
Q

diffusion of used NTs

A

big NTs (peptides) simply diffuse away

60
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

broken down by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline

61
Q

acetylcholine breakdown official name

A

enzymatic degradation

62
Q

what cells reabsorb NTs at some synapses

A

glial cells

63
Q

how does reabsorption affect synaptic activity

A

grants of withholds absorption of NTs

64
Q

astrocyte

A

an astrocyte encloses the synapse where it absorbs the neurotransmitter glutamate (Glu) from the cleft and recycles glutamate into its precursor glutamine (Gln). Glutamine returns to the presynaptic terminal for re-use.

65
Q

what are the two types of pharmaceutics that affect synaptic transmission

A

agonist and antagonist

66
Q

agonist pharmeceutic

A

facilitate transmission at synapses

67
Q

antagonist pharmaceutic

A

inhibit transmission at synapses

68
Q

what do agonist/ antagonist pharmaceutics affect

A

the amount of neurotransmitter in the cleft

69
Q

risks related to synapses
(8)

A

amphetamine
cocaine
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
MDMA/ Ecstasy
Nicotine
Opiates (heroin/ morphine)
Cannabinoids (marijuana)
Hallucinogens (LSD)

70
Q

Amphetamine

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several others transmitters

71
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several others transmitters

72
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine and others , but gradually

73
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy)

A

Releases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

74
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulates nicotinic-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells

75
Q

Opiates (heroin/ morphine)

A

stimulates endorphin receptors

76
Q

cannabinoids (marijuana)

A

excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells

77
Q

hallucinogens (LSD)

A

stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors ((5-HT)2a)

78
Q

SSRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

79
Q

ssris process

A

reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft is reduced - serotonin may bind to receptors several times

80
Q

drug addiction

A

brain disease that produces profound modifications in human behaviour

81
Q

alcohol effects in normal people

A

increases dopamine release

82
Q

alcohol effects on alcoholics

A

reduced number of dopamine receptors
reduced dopamine release
meaning craving

83
Q

characteristics of risk of addiction

A

not everyone runs the same risk
dopamine uses several different receptor types
people at risk of addiction are characterised by specific balance of different types of receptors (research in progress)

Biological (9 decks)

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