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Biology > 16: Chromosomes, Genes and DNA > Flashcards

16: Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA is a chemical from which genes are made. It consists of two strands called nucleotides which are coiled into a Double helix composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphates and four nitrogen-containing groups called bases

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2
Q

What is a Gene?

A

gene is a part of a chromosome, the basic unit of inheritance. A length of DNA that controls a characteristic of an organism by coding for the production of a specific protein.

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3
Q

what is a Chromosome?

A

chromosome is a thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell, made of DNA and protein. Contains the genetic information.

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4
Q

what is a Base?

A

Base is one of four nitrogen-containing groups in the DNA molecule, called adenine, thymine cytosine and guanine. Bases form complementary pairs linking the chains of the double helix.

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5
Q

What is Replication?

A

Replication is copying of DNA that takes place before cell division.

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6
Q

What is a Template strand?

A

Template strand is a strand of DNA that codes for the manufacture of proteins.

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7
Q

What is Ribonucleic acid?

A

RNA is a nucleic acid similar to DNA but made of a single strand, with ribose sugar and the base uracil instead of thymine. involved in protein synthesis.

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8
Q

What is Messenger RNA?

A

mRNA is a type of RNA that forms a copy of the template strand of the DNA during transcription.

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9
Q

What is a Transfer RNA?

A

tRNA is a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation of the mRNA

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10
Q

What is a Ribosome?

A

Ribosome is a tiny structure in the cytoplasm of cells, the site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Transcription is a process by which the information in the base sequence of a strand of the DNA is copied into a molecule of mRNA

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12
Q

What is Translation?

A

Translation is a process by which the information in the base sequence of mRNA is used to produce the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Takes place at ribosomes

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13
Q

What is a Codon?

A

Codon is a triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule. Different triplets code for different amino acids in a protein

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14
Q

What is an Anticodon?

A

anticodon is a group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to a codon on the mRNA

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15
Q

Who first discovered the structure of DNA molecule?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of a DNA molecule using the research of Rosalind Franklin

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16
Q

What is the base-pairing rule?

A

The base-pairing rule is that complementary bases always link with each other and no one else. Such as adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. The amount of these four bases is always equal in a DNA molecule.

17
Q

Describe how DNA replicates itself (4)

A
  1. The polynucleotide strands of DNA separate.
  2. Each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand of DNA.
  3. DNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into two new strands according to the base-pairing rule.
  4. Two identical DNA molecules are formed - each contains a strand from the parent DNA and a new complementary strand.
18
Q

steps of translation in protein synthesis (6)

A
  1. Start codon binding: The first tRNA binds to the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA, carrying methionine.
  2. Second tRNA binding: Another tRNA arrives, matching its anticodon to the next codon on the mRNA.
  3. Bond formation: A bond forms between methionine and the second amino acid.
  4. First tRNA release: The first tRNA is released to pick up another amino acid.
  5. Protein chain growth: More tRNA molecules bring amino acids, adding to the growing protein chain.
  6. Stop codon: A stop codon signals the end of the chain, and the completed protein is released.
19
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material

20
Q

What is natural selection?

A

natural selection is a process where certain individuals in a population survive because they are better adapted to their environment. They are more likely to pass on their genes to their offspring. The mechanism of evolution

21
Q

What are mutagens?

A

mutagens are factors that increase the rate of mutation, such as gamma radiation or certain chemicals present in cigarette smoke

22
Q

What are the 4 ways a genetic mutation can occur?

A
  1. Duplication: A section of DNA is copied and inserted again into the genome, leading to extra genetic material.
  2. Deletion: A segment of DNA is removed or lost, resulting in missing genetic information.
  3. Substitution: One base in the DNA sequence is replaced by another, potentially altering the amino acid produced.
  4. Inversion: A section of DNA is flipped or reversed, changing the direction of the genetic sequence within that region.
23
Q

What is a histone?

A

Histone is a protein associated with the DNA in a chromosome

24
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

Karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell

25
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

Homologous pairs are a pair of chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same features at the same positions on each chromosome. The members of each homologous pair are the same size and shape

26
Q

What is diploid?

A

Diploid is a number of chromosomes found in body cells. Diploid cells contain both chromosomes of each homologous pair.

27
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Sex Chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that determine sex in humans. XX in females, XY in males.

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

meiosis is a Type of cell division that produces haploid cells (gametes)

29
Q

What is haploid?

A

Haploid is a number of chromosomes found in gametes. Haploid cells contain one chromosome from each homologous pair

30
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is a fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

31
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Zygote is a single cell resulting from a fusion of a male and female gamete

32
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genome is the entire DNA of an organism

33
Q

How many genes are there in the human body?

A

The human genome is made up of about 3.2 billion base pairs, but the genome only consists of 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes, which is only about 1.5% of the total DNA.

34
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene

35
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

Dominant is an allele of a gene that is expressed in the heterozygote

36
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

Recessive is an allele that is not expressed in the phenotypewhen a dominant allele of the gene is present

Biology (9 decks)

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