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Biology > 1. The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms > Flashcards

1. The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the term autotroph.

A

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food for energy.

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2
Q

What is the primary photosynthetic pigment in photosynthesis?

A

The primary photosynthetic pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll.

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3
Q

Define the term heterotroph.

A

A heterotroph is an organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

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4
Q

What is the source of energy for plants in photosynthesis?

A

Plants use sunlight as their primary source of energy for photosynthesis.

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5
Q

Define the term respiration.

A

Respiration is the biochemical process carried out in all living organisms, where cells release energy from glucose molecules.

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6
Q

True or False?

Respiration occurs only in the presence of oxygen.

A

False.

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

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7
Q

Define the term excretion.

A

Excretion is the process of removing waste products produced by metabolic activities from an organism.

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8
Q

Which term describes a plant’s response to light?

A

The term which describes a plant’s response to light is phototropism.

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9
Q

Define the term sensitivity.

A

Sensitivity refers to an organism’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli in its environment.

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10
Q

What is movement in living organisms?

A

Movement is any action causing a change in position or place by an organism.

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11
Q

What are the main characteristics of a eukaryotic organisms?

A

A eukaryotic organism is an organism whose cells contain membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus.

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12
Q

True or False?

Prokaryotic organisms contain a nucleus.

A

False.

Prokaryotic organisms do not contain a nucleus.

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13
Q

True or False?

Eukaryotic organisms include protoctists.

A

True.

Eukaryotic organisms include protoctists, animals, plants and fungi

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14
Q

Define prokaryotic organism.

A

A prokaryotic organism is an organism whose cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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15
Q

What are the distinguishing features of animals?

A

Animals are multicellular, lack cellulose cell walls, lack chloroplasts, and have nervous coordination, among other traits.

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16
Q

How do fungal cells store carbohydrates?

A

Fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen.

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17
Q

What are the distinguishing features of plants?

A

Plants are multicellular, have cell walls made of cellulose, contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.

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18
Q

Define protoctists.

A

Protoctists are a diverse group of microscopic single-celled eukaryotic organisms that have a cytoplasm and nucleus and may have features resembling animal or plant cells.

19
Q

What is the feeding method of fungi known as?

A

The feeding method of fungi is known as saprotrophic nutrition.

20
Q

True or False?

Protoctists may include both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms.

A

True.

Some protoctists perform photosynthesis, while others obtain energy from organic substances.

21
Q

True or False?

All prokaryotic organisms are single-celled.

A

True.

Prokaryotic organisms are always single-celled.

22
Q

Define the term plasmid.

A

A plasmid is a small circular loop of DNA found in prokaryotic cells and used in genetic engineering

23
Q

True or False?

Bacteria have a nucleus.

A

False.

Bacteria lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA.

24
Q

Describe bacterial cells.

A

Bacteria are microscopic, single celled organisms that have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmids.

They lack mitochondria, a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

25
Q

Define the term saprobiont.

A

A saprobiont is an organism that feeds on dead organic matter.

26
Q

True or False?

Bacteria contain chloroplasts.

A

False.

Bacteria do not contain any internal membrane-bound structures, so do not have chloroplasts.

27
Q

Name two examples of bacteria.

A

Examples of bacteria include Lactobacillus (used in yogurt production) and Pneumococcus (causing pneumonia).

28
Q

Which foodstuff is produced using the bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus?

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus is used to make yoghurt.

29
Q

What is the cellular structure of a typical bacterial cell?

A

A typical bacterial cell consists of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a circular chromosome of DNA.

30
Q

True or False?

All viruses are considered living organisms.

A

False.

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they do not carry out all life processes for themselves.

31
Q

Define the term pathogen.

A

A pathogen is any microorganism that causes disease in another organism.x

32
Q

What are examples of pathogenic microorganisms?

A

Examples include bacteria, fungi, protoctists, and viruses.

33
Q

True or False?

Influenza is caused by a bacterial pathogen.

A

False.

Influenza is caused by a virus.

34
Q

What is meant by AIDS?

A

AIDS is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome associated with HIV-positive patients who are susceptible to opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system.

35
Q

True or False?

Bacteria are smaller than viral particles.

A

False.

Viral particles are smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells.

36
Q

Which disease is caused by Plasmodium?

A

Plasmodium is a protoctist that causes malaria in humans.

37
Q

Why are viruses considered parasitic?

A

Viruses can only reproduce inside living host cells. The virus derives benefits while the relationship harms the host.

38
Q

What is HIV?

A

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

39
Q

How does the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) cause damage to crops?

A

TMV is a plant pathogen that infects various plants, including tobacco, by preventing chloroplast formation and consequently limiting photosynthesis.

40
Q

What is Growth in living organisms?

A

Growth is the process of increasing in size and mass, usually by increasing the number of cells or cell size. This enables an organism to develop and mature.

41
Q

What is reproduction in living organisms?

A

Reproduction is the ability to produce new individuals or offspring, allowing the species to continue over generations.

42
Q

What is Nutrition in living organisms?

A

Nutrition is the intake and use of nutrients or food for energy, growth, and repair. Plants make their own food via photosynthesis, while animals consume other organisms.

43
Q

Describe fungal cells

A

Fungi is a eukaryotic organism that has a cell wall made of chittin, a nuecleus and cytoplasm. They do not have a chloroplast, instead they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter.

44
Q

a characteristic shown by animals is the ability to respond to their surroundings. for example, a person may withdraw their hand from a hot object. Describe the sequence of events that cause this response

A

When a person touches a hot object:

  1. Receptors in the skin detect the high temperature.
  2. A sensory neuron sends an impulse to the spinal cord.
  3. In the spinal cord, the impulse is transferred to a relay neuron.
  4. The relay neuron passes the impulse to a motor neuron.
  5. The motor neuron sends the impulse to the muscles in the hand.
  6. The muscles contract, pulling the hand away from the hot object.

This is a reflex action that protects the body from harm by providing a quick, automatic response.

Biology (9 decks)

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