Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology IB > 1.6 Cell Division > Flashcards

1.6 Cell Division Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

ordered set of events which culminates in the division of a cell into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Cycle can be roughly divided into 2 main phases

A

Interphase and M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interphase

A
  • btw 2 successive divisions

- G1 / S / G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interphase: G1

A

first intermediate gap stage in which the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interphase: S

A

Synthesis stage in which DNA is replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interphase: G2

A

Second intermediate gap stage in which the cell finishes growing and prepares for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

M phase

A

The period of the cell cycle in which the cell and contents divide to create two genetically identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

M phase is comprised of 2 distinct stages:

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

M phase: Mitosis

A

Nuclear division, whereby DNA ( as condensed chromosomes) is separated into two identical nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

M phase: Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmatic Division, whereby cellular contents are segregated and the cell splits into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Many events need to occur in interphase to prepare the cell for successful division

A 
D na replication
O rganelle duplication
C ell growth
T ranscription/ Translation
O btain nutrients
R espiration ( cellullar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dna Replication

A

Dna is copied during the S phase of Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Organelle Duplication

A

organelles must be duplicated for twin daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell Growth

A

Cytoplasmi volume must increase prior to division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transcription / Translation

A

Key proteins and enzymes must be synthesised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obtain Nutrients

A

Vital cellular materials must be present before division

17
Q

Respiration ( Cellular)

A

ATP production is needed to drive the division process

18
Q

Chromatin

A
  • DNA is usually packed within the nucleus as unravelled chromatin
  • In this unravelled form, the DNA is accesible to transcriptional machinery and so genetic information can be translated
  • DNA is organised as chromatin in all non dividing cells and throughout the process of interphase
19
Q

Before Mitosis (Interphase)

A
  • DNA is present as uncondensed chromatin
  • DNA is contained within a clearly defined nucleus
  • Centrosomes and other organelles have been duplicated
  • Cell is enlarged in preparation for division
20
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA supercoils and chromosomes condense
  • Chromosomes are comprised of genetically identical sister chromatids (joined at a centromere)
  • Paired centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell and form microtubule spindle fibres
  • The nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleus dissolves
21
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Microtubule spindle fibres from both centrosomes connect to the centromere of each chromosome
  • Microtubule depolymerisation causes spindle fibres to shorten in length and contract
  • This causes chromosomes to align along the centre of the cell (equatorial plane or metaphase plate)
22
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Continued contraction of the spindle fibres causes genetically identical sister chromatids to separate
  • Once the chromatids separate, they are each considered an individual chromosome in their own right
  • The genetically identical chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell
23
Q

Telophase

A
  • Once the two chromosome sets arrive at the poles, spindle fibres dissolve
  • Chromosomes decondense (no longer visible under light microscope)
  • Nuclear membranes reform around each chromosome set
  • Cytokinesis occurs concurrently, splitting the cell into two
24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the process of cytoplasmic division, whereby the cell splits into two identical daughter cells

25
Q

Cytokinesis, animal cells

A

Microtubule filaments form a concentric ring around the centre of the cell
Filament contraction create a cleavage furrow, which pinches off to form 2 cells
Because this separation occurs from the outside and moves towards the centre, it is described as centripetal

26
Q

Cytokinesis, plant cells

A

Carbohydrate-rich vesicles form in a row at the centre of the cell (equatorial plane)
The vesicles fuse to form an end plate, which extends out to separate the cell in two.
Because this separation originates in the centre and moves laterally, it is described as centrifugal

27
Q

Necrosis

A
  • premature death of cell
  • destabilisation of the membrane that leads to swelling and eventual lysis

Released contents may cause inflamation

28
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • controlled destruction of a cell in response to molecular signals
  • membrane bulges and contents are repackaged for removal
    Released content is recycled by other cells
29
Q

Tumours

A

caused by uncontrolled cell division and can occur in any tissue/organ

30
Q

tumours may be classed as

A

Benign: remains in original location
Malignant: spreads to other tissue

31
Q

Metastasis

A

is the spread of cancer from an original site to a new body location

32
Q

Tumors may be caused by many factors

A

Mutagents: agents that cause DNA mutations
Oncogenes: active genes that cause cancer

33
Q

Carcinogens

A

chemicals and agents that cause cancer, mutagens (viruses)

34
Q

Cigarretes contains

A

more than 60 carcinogens

35
Q

Mutagens

A

Agent that changes the genetic material of an organism (acting on DNA or the replicative machinery).

  • Physical: Sources of radiation including X-rays,ultraviolet light and radioactive decay
  • Chemical: DNA interacting substances including reactive oxygen species and metals
  • Biological: Viruses, certain bacteria and mobile genetic elements
36
Q

Cyclins

A

regulatory proteins that control the progression of cell cycle

Biology IB (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions